Patterns and Trends and Theoretical Frameworks in Education

Introduction Recent research in education and learning process introduces a number of challenges and constraints that both teachers and students encounter. In particular, numerous studies are dedicated to exploring the traditional frameworks that contribute to teacher training and learning enhancement.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Patterns and Trends and Theoretical Frameworks in Education specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More More importantly, these research studies also highlight the main pitfalls of traditional curriculum and instruction. In order to improve the learning classroom settings, the scholars explore contemporary techniques in instructing students and training teachers. Specific focus is made on the analysis of collaborative approach to enhancing support of learning and teaching processes, development of alternative theoretical frameworks and concepts, and evaluation of the impact of a socio-cultural context on the classroom environment. The importance of a collaborative approach to a learning process is enormous because it enhances support and assists both teachers and students in exploring new dimensions of knowledge acquisition. Hence, Muir and van Linden (2009) assert that collaboration is vital for motivating students to integrate experimental learning opportunities. Indeed, experimental learning can become a basis for collaborative teaching that can facilitate students’ engagement into a classroom setting. Similar to Muir and van Linden (2009), Wilson et al. (2010) suggest that promoting collaborating can eliminate problems that students of 11-year-old age category experience while learning language. In particular, the researchers consider vocabulary teaching through vocabulary instruction and concept maps as important aspects of collaborative practice. Other theorists and scholars also emphasize the strength of collaboration and supporting mechanisms to enhance tea ching (Hechter et al., 2012; Penuel et al., 2007). Patterns and Trends Specific attention requires the concept developed by Daniel (2011) who focuses on family-school partnerships for developing sustainable pedagogical practice.  The scientific exploration proves that the existence of traditional theoretical frameworks related to improvement of teaching and learning approaches have become obsolete.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a result, lack of theoretical support requires the development and integration of contemporary, alternative techniques that can be congruent with innovation and technological advancement. In this respect, Hechter et al. (2012) focus on the importance of pedagogical, content and technological knowledge to enhance the role of classroom setting. Penuel et al. (2007) assume that students should be able to use technologies for understanding instructions and e stimating the adequacy of their technological competence. Use of concept maps is another important skill that can advance students’ motivation to acquire knowledge (Wilson et al., 2010). Hence, technology contributes greatly to the development of modern approaches to improving support mechanisms. The proposed findings are confined to the evaluation of recent frameworks and concepts that build the basis of an academic process. In this respect, all the scholars express unanimous opinion concerning the obvious lack of theoretical foundation and conceptualization. Moreover, Wilson et al. (2010) insist on reconceptualization of current techniques in teaching and learning to improve education and create new dimensions for students and teachers’ professional growth and development. Contextual analysis of classroom environment undermines the quality of education because insufficient attention is given to the strategies that teachers apply while providing instructions. In this respect, Daniel (2011) advises to refer to contextual aspect that shapes efficient landscape for working curriculum. In particular, engaging socio-cultural environment provides support to students through family-school collaboration (Wilson et al., 2010). In particular, the importance of context is explained by greater opportunity for students to approach the learning process and gain necessary experience in different disciplines. Theoretical Frameworks In order to understand the techniques and approaches that students employ to understand and perceive the course material, specific emphasis should be placed on the analysis the theories that complement the practical dimension. Due to the fact that the research question seeks to define the contemporary techniques to improving the learning and teaching approach, the attention should be given to such frameworks as the theory of multiple intelligences, conditions of learning, and cognitive frameworks for learning and reading. The theory of multiple intelligences is associated with the diversity of pedagogical approaches that should be implemented in a classroom setting. It also focuses on the necessity to introduce person-centered learning approaches and interactive training. Andronache et al. (2011) analyze the theory and agree with the idea that â€Å"†¦these multiple human faculties, the intelligences, are in a significant extent independent from each other† (p. 19).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Patterns and Trends and Theoretical Frameworks in Education specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, the main task of a teach lies in recognizing the competencies and gifts that each student possesses or lacks to employ the corresponding instructions. The connection between the theory and individualized training is evident, which is another aspect that should be taken into consideration to answer the research question. Finally, teac hers should establish educational goals and multiple techniques as a priority in a teaching process.  The theory of conditions of learning proposed by Gagne amplifies the instructor’s role in explaining the course material to students. According to this theoretical framework, it is recommended that the teachers should not only possess knowledge of the subject he/she teachers, but also be able to guide the learning process through implementing relevant learning theories (Alutu, 2006). Appropriate guidance to students ensures creation of favorable conditions for learning, as well as enhances students’ motivation to increase their performance. In particular, Alutu (2006) states, â€Å"the teacher as a guide also demonstrates some leadership roles which have their impact on the learner behavior† (p. 45). In this respect, this branch of educational psychology relies on successful interaction with the course materials that need to be learnt by students. Therefore, t he theory of conditions of learning provides a sufficient platform for answering the research question concerning how students with different abilities can be approached in a classroom setting. Finally, the cognitive learning theory examines the significance of developing specialized mechanisms for students to respond to the material they learn during classes. Perception, attitude and behavior have a potent impact on students’ readiness to cognize the new material. More importantly, cognitive models are relevant for integrating experimental learning. According to Turton (2012), â€Å"†¦experimental learning model offers an appropriate four-domain learning cycle that includes procedural and perceptual learning and critical reception† (p. 34). Additionally, the theory focuses on the roles and models that students take during a learning process. Cognitive theory also allows the teachers to take a different look at the reading classes. Indeed, reading comprehension is premised on a number of cognitive factors, as well as students’ aptness to understand the teacher’s instructions. Finally, the awareness of unique response mechanisms that students use provides a wider picture on the concrete experience they gain during a learning process.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, the proposed theory is of high relevance for the introduced research because it integrates a variety of teaching strategies. What is more important is that the theory implies an action-oriented approach to understanding the basic concepts. References Alutu, A. N. (2006). The Guidance Role of the Instructor in the Teaching and Learning Process. Journal of Instructional Psychology. 33(1), 44-49. Andronache, D., Boco, M., Stanciu, D. I., Racula, R. O. (2011). The Valences of Multiple Intelligences Theory in Optimizing the Training Process. Journal of Educational Sciences, 18-28. Daniel, G. (2011). Family-school partnerships: towards sustainable pedagogical practice. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 39 (2), 165–176. Hechter, R., Phyfe, L. D., Vermete, L. A. (2012). Integrating Technology in Education: Moving the TPCK Framework towards Practical Applications. The University of Western Australia, 39, 136-152. Muir, G. M., van Linden, G. J. (2009). Students T eaching Students: An Experiential Learning Opportunity for Large Introductory Psychology Classes in Collaboration with Local Elementary Schools. Teaching of Psychology, 36, 169–173. Penuel, W., Boscardin, C., Masyn, K. and Crawford, V. (2007). Teaching with student response systems in elementary, Education Technological Research Developement, 55, 315–346. Turton, W. (2012). Honing Cognitive Behavior Therapy Skills through Experimental Learning. Mental Health Practice. 15(10), 33-35. Wilson, G., Nash, M., Earl, G. (2010). Supporting students with language learning difficulties in secondary schools through collaboration: The use of concept maps to investigate the impact of teachers’ knowledge of vocabulary teaching. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 26 (2), 163–179. This essay on Patterns and Trends and Theoretical Frameworks in Education was written and submitted by user Braxton House to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Quick Guide to Command-Line Arguments in Ruby

Quick Guide to Command-Line Arguments in Ruby Many Ruby scripts have no text or graphical interfaces. They simply run, do their job and then exit. To communicate with these scripts in order to change their behavior, command-line arguments must be used. The command line is the standard mode of operation for UNIX commands, and since Ruby is used widely on UNIX and UNIX-like systems (such as Linux and macOS), its pretty standard to encounter this type of program. How to Provide Command-Line Arguments Ruby script arguments are passed to the Ruby program by the shell, the program that  accepts commands (such as bash) on the terminal. On the command-line, any text following the name of the script is considered a command-line argument. Separated by spaces, each word or string will be passed as a separate argument to the Ruby program.   The following example shows the proper syntax to use to launch the test.rb Ruby script from a command-line with the arguments test1 and test2. $ ./test.rb test1 test2 You may encounter a situation in which you need to pass an argument to a Ruby program but theres a space in the command. It seems impossible at first since the shell separates arguments on spaces, but there is a provision for this. Any arguments in double quotes will not be separated. The double quotes are removed by the shell before passing it to the Ruby program. The following example passes a single argument to the test.rb Ruby script, test1 test2: $ ./test.rb test1 test2 How to Use Command-Line Arguments In your Ruby programs, you can access any command-line arguments passed by the shell with the ARGV special variable. ARGV is an Array variable which holds, as strings, each argument passed by the shell. This program iterates over the ARGV array and prints out its contents: #!/usr/bin/env ruby ARGV.each do|a|   Ã‚  puts Argument: #{a} end The following is an excerpt of a bash session launching this script (saved as the file test.rb) with a variety of arguments: $ ./test.rb test1 test2 three four Argument: test1 Argument: test2 Argument: three four

Show Me The Money 8 Good-Paying Part-Time Jobs

Show Me The Money 8 Good-Paying Part-Time Jobs part-time jobs are lucrative and plentiful, but finding them means knowing where to look. deciding on the type of job you want based on your skills and needs is a good first step. for instance, if you have small children and wish to work when they are at school, your search might focus on morning jobs. finding the right job for you is easier with thejobnetwork online search platform. focus on jobs that suit your needsjobs vary according to training, experience and location. some part-time jobs let you work from home. this saves on commuting time and cost. it also accommodates parents who would like to be at home with their children. other jobs might require a degree or specific experience in the field. depending on where you live, certain types of part-time jobs may be plentiful, and the pay range might differ. this post focuses on eight part-time jobs that pay well and offer flexibility.dog walkingthis part-time job is best suited to individuals who like dogs. you might need a city license. in addition, being bonded and having insurance protects you and your clients. both provide a level of security for your business. this part-time job pays between $15 and $75 per hour.tutoring studentsthis position is online or in person and suits many grad students or teachers as an excellent source of extra income. tutoring for sat or medical school and law school entrance exams are higher paying. the range for tutoring depends on the subject matter and pays from $15 to $200 per hour.web designerthis part-time job requires learned skills and a work portfolio. being able to do the job with a good turnaround time enables you to earn more. some design firms hire freelance designers at an hourly rate of $50. taking courses online or at a brick and mortar design school or college helps you move into this field.breakfast restaurant server or staffthis is sought after by those who need to have afternoons free. such establishments close by afternoon. the pay scale ranges depend on the geographic area. restaurants in this category pay up to $4 per hour plus tips.hair stylistbeing a hair stylist takes training and a license to provide this service. however, once attained, you are able to work as much or as little as you want depending on the salon. hairstylists make about $10 per hour, with differences depending on the salon and its location.bartenderdepending on the establishment, many bartender positions require training, certification for safe food handling such as servsafe may be required. this job bays an average of $10 to $75 per hour including tips. some bartenders favor events over working at a particular facility.tax preparation/accountantthis position can be seasonal or done at home. some individuals work for a tax preparation business while others set up their own businesses. tax preparers typically earn between $8 and $23 per hour as an employee, but self-employed workers can set an acceptable fee for clients.fitness instructorsbeing fit is enviabl e, and many job seekers establish their own fitness business or work at a gym. getting certified in such areas as pilates or yoga helps raise your fee, and the average pay is about $20 per hour.

International Law Of The Sea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

International Law Of The Sea - Essay Example Part VII of the Agreement deals with living resources of the high seas through Article 116, Article 117, Article 118, Article 119 and Article 120. Before delving deep into the functions of the fisheries management organisations it is of great concern to know what the UNCLOS Articles state on the role of the regional fishery management organisations. Article116 provides the right to fish to all the countries and their citizens to practice fishing on the high seas on certain conditions, which include: (a) Their treaty responsibilities; (b) the rights and duties as well as the stakes of coastal nations provided for, among other things, in article 63, paragraph 2, and articles 64 to 67; and (c) The conditions as given in this Section. Under Article117, the concerned state has responsibility to follow with regard to its citizens assess for management of the marine resources of the high seas. Cooperation with other states in this regard is central to the conservation of marine resources on the high seas (UNCLOS). Under Article 118, the spirit of Article 117 is taken ahead through cooperation states shall take fresh steps and enter into accords with other states for commercially using the similar water resources or dissimilar water resources on the same region with the purpose of conserving the water resources. It is the responsibility of the states to set up regional or sub-regional fisheries organisations (UNCLOS). Article 119 is also dedicated to conservation of fish stocks of the high seas. 1. It stipulates conditions on deciding the permissible catch and setting up other safeguarding steps for the fish stocks, such as: (a) found suitable as based on scientific knowledge on which the concerned states can depend upon for preserving the fish populations of cropped species at standards that ensure long term production as based on suitable environmental and economic considerations, particularly of the developing countries, considering the fishing methods at all levels of fishing – regional, sub-regional and international; (b) States pay attention to the impact on the species related to or relying on harvested species with the aim of preserving fish populations of such related or relying on species beyond limits at which their populations could not be increased through breeding. 2. All global organisations working for conservation and management of fish stocks shall communicate and exchange related scientific facts, catch and fishing statisitics at all levels of cooperation, regional, sub-regional and global with the suitable active contribution from the respective governments of the organisations. 3. Fishermen shall be treated impartially irrespective of the fact related to their specific state citizenship rights while taking conservative steps and enforcing them. Article120 is meant for marine mammals; Article 65 is also relevant to the conservation and management of marine mammals in the high seas (UNCLOS). An attempt at analysing the r ole of RFMOs will include all regional groups. First of all an attempt on the conservation and management of the Northeast Atlantic Region will be made to be followed up with an assessment of the other regions (UNCLOS). Northeast Atlantic Region The production data on chondrichthyans from 1985-2006 in the Northeast Atl

Financial Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Financial Risk Management - Essay Example The paper would be reflecting the financial risk rising from various perspectives i.e. personal level, institutional level followed by financial risk from the perspective of Islamic religion. Risk management is an essential activity for controlling and eliminating the financial risks in the aforementioned viewpoints. The paper would be discussing the risk management procedures found effective in each of these perspectives. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Table of Contents 3 Personal Risk Management 4 Financial Risk management in Financial Institutions 6 Financial Risk Management: An Islamic View 9 Is the Financial Risk Management Applied 11 Conclusion 12 References 13 Personal Risk Management Risk management should be the main focus point of the financial plan of the investors. There are some investors who do not focus on this aspect of the investment procedure. There are various risks associated with the investment procedure. The first risk is referred as the performance risk. The inve stors need to have diversified portfolio for reducing the performance risk. The second risk involves the volatility risk. The asset classes such as equity and gold tend to give high return on investment in the context of long term period. But it becomes necessary to reduce the volatility risk in the short term and medium term period. The third risk is associated with risk of inflation. This is one of the biggest risks for any long term investor. The asset allocation should be done in such manner that it would be able to beat the inflation over any period of time. In today’s world, making investment has become one of the most important activities in life for every individual. In such case, it is pertinent that all the investors should possess knowledge to certain extent related to the investment risk management. Financial risk management can be explained as a procedure of dealing with uncertainties arising in the financial markets. While the financial institutes handle very co mplex series of procedures for managing the risk, the individuals are required to have knowledge about risk management as well. The individuals need to: 1) Understand the risk tolerance in both emotional and financial terms. 2) Understand personal level of the risk tolerance. 3) Assess and compare the personal risk capacity with the risk tolerance. 4) Identify an effective asset allocation investment portfolio. The aforementioned framework provides a guideline of the understanding of risks, managing them and making effective investment decisions. Risk capacity and risk tolerance are two important attributes associated highly with the risk factor. Risk tolerance can be described as the psychological or emotional attribute and risk capacity can be defined as the financial attribute of the risk factor. Risk Tolerance The fundamental explanation of the term ‘risk’ is the chance of losing something. In investment decision, there remain chances of losing money as well. With g reater probability of big profits, prospect of the losses to take place remains higher. Thus it becomes important to carefully consider the risk tolerance while planning for an investment strategy. Risk tolerance determines the psychological receptiveness of an individual associated with the risk and level of anxiety experienced in various situations where the risk factor is evident. It

Basic Statistics for Business and Economics Essay Example for Free

Basic Statistics for Business and Economics Essay Over the last four weeks of being in the QNT/351 course our team has learned a lot about researching a hypothesis and understanding the mean. The hypothesis testing begins with the statement and the assumption that determines the population of the mean, (Lind, 2011, p.288.). There are five steps taken which include; state the hypothesis, select level of significance for it, identify the test statistics, formulate decision rule, and take a sample to arrive at a decision. On the contrary, however, McClave, 2011 states that there are seven steps including; null hypothesis, alternate hypothesis, test statistic, rejection region, assumptions, experiment and calculation of test statistic, and the conclusion. With setting a hypothesis and testing it is important to understand the mean and how to compare it amongst two or more groups. With testing the mean with multiple groups, the data collected is used to help determine the probability of a given amongst two distinct groups being analyzed which have the same or equal variances. This info it all based off the given hypothesis and should result in proving the null hypothesis stated. When looking at the mean the distance noted between the hypothesis and the mean placed is a value given as a result of the probability of occurrence. When analyzing and testing the means of the two groups we use the variance analysis. An example of this type would be testing the means of the two groups based off statistical models and valid conclusions. Along with completing the testing of the means of the groups, we must also calculate the variance according to the distribution of the differences in means. If the standard deviation is known we can calculate the z-score by using the difference of the variance and the mean. In calculating the correlation between the two variables we see that it is crucial to know the characteristics of the coefficient. According to Lind, 2011 pages 386-389 we can calculate the coefficient of correlation. The coefficient of correlation can help dete rmine the cause as well as effect amongst the two variables. Calculating these numbers is  crucial as the results give information which help determine the level of significance of the given hypothesis. References Lind, D. A., Marchal, W. G., Wathen, S. A. (2011). Basic Statistics for Business and Economics (7th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. McClave, J. T., Benson, P. G., Sincich, T. (2011). Statistics for Business and Economics (11th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.

Student Athletes Should Not Receive Additional Money Essay -- Argument

Student Athletes Should Not Receive Additional Money When a student athlete signs a letter of intent to play at a division one school, he or she is generally happy for the opportunity to perform at the highest level of college competition. Like all good things though, they eventually come to an end. After awhile athletes soon begin to realize not all of their expenses are paid for. Because some of the extra costs in college are put on student athletes, some suggest the NCAA and other sources should provide additional funding to help athletes out. This issue has created a heated debate over the relationship between money and college athletes. On the contrary, the stronger argument lies with those individuals that say student athletes should not receive additional money, and how the NCAA is dealing with the situation right now is fine. In other words, athletes competing at the division one level do not need to be paid any amount of money on top of obtaining a scholarship. If the current law the NCAA has now is working, then i t should not be fixed. Because this is such a huge topic, there are still arguments for the opposition. In contrast to the NCAA’s rules and regulations, those in favor of paying student athletes say money is a necessity to get through college. They say even though full ride athletes receive a free education, certain accessories still require money from their own pocket. Some of these items include laundry, clothing, phone bills, transportation, entertainment, toiletries, and eating off campus. The money for these things usually comes from parents or, if they are lucky, a grant of some kind is given to the athlete. But in order to receive a grant, a student athlete must apply for financial ... ...regarding college athletes receiving money many things would be different in the future. A major concern involves recruiting. Universities allowed to pay players would be able to buy recruits and this may persuade them to attend the school offering the most money. It’s almost like a free agent in professional sports. Attending the school with the most to offer decreases the likelihood of a fair playing ground for all of college athletics. As a result certain schools would be major powerhouses and it would stay this way forever. Concluding all the ideas and argument above illustrates just a small portion of why the NCAA has yet to pass a law of this magnitude. The evidence for all those in supporting athletes receiving money are not strong enough for action to take place. Overall if student athletes begin to get paid, collegiate sports will become corrupted.

Access to Education

For My Research paper, I would like to talk about Access to Education in world countries. This subject is important to me because I want to become a teacher someday.For most Americans, we usually have the typical ordinary lives, we go to school, get a job and work. Now-a-days most Americans, don't go to school but imagine not being able to go to school your whole life and just working from the age of 7. Now that's something to think about, for many world countries, it`s not easy to get access to education like it is for the people in America. For third world countries they don't get educated period, and we American are forced to go to school by the age of 16, we take it for granted. Could you imagine not going to school and getting an education? How would you feel if you didn't have supplies for class or a classroom to go to? These are just some questions to think about. Education is one of the most difficult things to get in third world countries because of lack of funding, un-trained teachers and also no classroom. Body 1 Education is one of the most difficult things to get in world countries because of lack of funding. According to https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/10-barriers-to-education-around-the-world-2/ one of the number one reason to having education in world countries is â€Å"a lack of funding for education†, from this article it says † the amount of total aid that's allocated to education has decreased in each of the past six years and education aid is 4% lower than it was in 2009.† Wow, the fact that education has decreased since 2009 is not a good sign, we should be going up higher but even in the united states there are children not wanting to go to school, they feel being a basketball player or singer is better.

The Story Cinderella Through a Marxist’s Eye

In a Marxist view, a capitalistic society equates economic status to social status. The story of Cinderella by Charles Perrault highlights a number of these views. Cinderella’s stepfamily longingly desired to keep their social standing. They are willing to but Cinderella into poverty by making her their slave. By doing so, they ensure their social and economic standing. The prince has a similar need to keep his high-class standing but requires a bride to maintain these necessities. The prince reaches his goal by marrying Cinderella to create a possible heir to his throne. Cinderella’s stepfamily and the prince sustain their economic power by upholding their social status. In a capitalistic society, there is a dependency on having a lower class in order to maintain the higher class. Since Cinderella’s stepfamily has a lot of money and she has nothing, they maintain their economic status by demoting her to slavery. In the beginning of the fairy tale after her mother dies, her father remarries to maintain his economic status. Cinderella is unfortunate when soon after his death she is plunged into poverty. Throughout the story, her stepfamily continues to live in luxury while keeping Cinderella in squalor. While her stepsisters slept in expensive beds and were dressed in lavish fashions, Cinderella had to sleep in a bed made of straw and wear old dirty rags. The stepmother requires Cinderella to be kept in poverty in order to maintain their economic and social status. Cinderella will never have the chance to rise to the higher class since she does not earn any money. Unless someone existing in the higher class takes her out of her poverty, she will continue to exist within the lower class. In this time period, people were defined within society by how much money they acquired. The prince’s social standing of being in the ruling class is also dependent on economic wealth. In order for his family to stay in power he needs to have an heir to the throne. He hosts an extravagant ball at his castle to find a suitable bride and all the ladies in the town were invited to attend. Cinderella wanted eagerly to go the ball, but knew she was not wealthy enough to look the part. Cinderella is fortunate enough to have help from a supernatural force, called her fairy godmother, to transform her into appearing like she was from the high-class society. Her beauty was so intriguing that the prince fell in love the moment he looked at her. Once he finds Cinderella from the help of his servants, she is pulled out of slavery and into the ruling class. The prince enables his family to maintain their economic and social status by marrying Cinderella. He now will have an heir to the throne and his family will be preserved in the royal society. The struggle between the higher and lower classes of society is prominent within Marxism. Charles Perrault highlights this ideology in the fairytale of Cinderella. Cinderella’s stepfamily wants to keep their maintain their economic and social standing. They make Cinderella their slave and instantly plunge her into poverty. Their economic standing is ensured as soon as she is put the lower class. The prince similarly keeps his social standing when he finds a bride. The prince and Cinderella get married therefore maintain his economic and social status and ultimately creating a possible heir to his throne. In the story Cinderella economic status is ensured through differences in social statuses. Marxist views uphold this society and therefore capitalism is sustained.

Otto Bayer and the History of Polyurethane

Otto Bayer and the History of Polyurethane Polyurethane is an organic polymer  composed of  organic  units joined by  carbamate (urethane) links. While most polyurethanes are  thermosetting polymers  that do not melt when heated,  thermoplastic polyurethanes  are also available. According to the Alliance of The Polyurethane Industry,  Polyurethanes are formed by reacting a polyol (an alcohol with more than two reactive hydroxyl groups per molecule) with a diisocyanate or a polymeric isocyanate in the presence of suitable catalysts and additives. Polyurethanes are best known to the public in the form of flexible foams: upholstery, mattresses,  earplugs, chemical-resistant coatings, specialty adhesives and  sealants, and packaging. It also comes to the rigid forms of insulation for buildings, water heaters, refrigerated transport, and commercial and residential refrigeration. Polyurethane products often are simply called â€Å"urethanes†, but should not be confused with  ethyl carbamate, which is also called urethane. Polyurethanes neither contain nor are produced from ethyl carbamate. Otto Bayer Otto Bayer and co-workers at IG Farben  in Leverkusen, Germany,  discovered and patented the chemistry of polyurethanes in 1937.  Bayer (1902 - 1982) developed the novel polyisocyanate-polyaddition process. The basic idea which he documents from March 26, 1937, relates to spinnable products made of hexane-1,6-diisocyanate (HDI) and hexa-1,6-diamine (HDA). Publication of German Patent DRP 728981 on November 13, 1937: A process for the production of polyurethanes and polyureas. The team of inventors consisted of  Otto Bayer, Werner Siefken, Heinrich Rinke, L. Orthner and H. Schild. Heinrich Rinke   Octamethylene diisocyanate and butanediol-1,4 are the units of a polymer produced by Heinrich Rinke. He called this area of polymers polyurethanes, a name which was soon to become known worldwide for an extremely versatile class of materials.   Right from the start, trade names were given to polyurethane products. Igamid ® for plastics materials, Perlon ® for fibers.   William Hanford  and  Donald Holmes   William Edward Hanford and Donald Fletcher Holmes invented a process for making the multipurpose material polyurethane. Other Uses In 1969, Bayer exhibited an all-plastic car in  Dà ¼sseldorf, Germany. Parts of this car, including the body panels, were made using a new process called  reaction injection molding  (RIM), in which the reactants were mixed and then injected into a mold. The addition of fillers produced reinforced RIM (RRIM), which provided improvements in  flexural modulus  (stiffness), reduction in coefficient of thermal expansion  and better thermal stability. By using this technology, the first plastic-body automobile was introduced in the United States in 1983. It was called the  Pontiac Fiero. Further increases in stiffness were obtained by incorporating pre-placed glass mats into the RIM mold cavity, called resin injection molding, or structural RIM. Polyurethane foam (including foam rubber) is sometimes made using small amounts of  blowing agents  to give less dense foam, better cushioning/energy absorption or thermal insulation. In the early 1990s, because of their impact on  ozone depletion, the  Montreal Protocol  restricted the use of many  chlorine-containing blowing agents. By the late 1990s, blowing agents such as  carbon dioxide and pentane were widely used in North America and the EU.

Blaxploitation Essay Research Paper The Emergence of

Blaxploitation Essay, Research Paper The Emergence of ColourIn today? s culturally diverse, politically right society, it is difficult to believe that at one clip racism was non merely accepted as the norm, but enjoyed for its amusement value. Persons of African descent in North America today take the big, diverse pool of chances offered by the movie industry for granted. Much like Canadian theatre nevertheless, there was a clip when a black adult male in any function, be it servant or break ones back, was virtually unheard of. It took the blaxpliotation movies of the early 19 1970ss to alter the stereotyped word picture of Black people in American Cinema, as it took The Farm Story, performed by a little troop of Canadian histrions, to make a Canadian theater industry. To be more specific, it took the release of Melvin Van Peebles, Sweet Sweetback? s Baadasssss Song, in 1971, to alter the tradition position of Black people in American movie. ? Porter? s Tom was the first in a long line of socially acceptable Good Negro characters. Always as Toms are chased, harassed, hounded, flogged, enslaved, and insulted, they keep the religion, n? er bend against their massas, and remain hearty, submissive, stoic, generous, selfless, and oh-so-very kind. ? ( Bogle,4 ) The early soundless period of film introduced five basic originals for Black characters: the Tom, the Coon, the Tragic Mulatto, the Mammy, and eventually, the Brutal Black Buck. America? s foremost Black character found manifestation as the aforesaid Uncle Tom in Edwin S. Porter? s, Uncle Tom? s Cabin, which was released in 1903. ? The paradox was that in actuality Tom wasn? t Black at all. Alternatively he was portrayed by a nameless, somewhat fleshy histrion made up in blackface. ? ( Boggle, 4 ) This was a common pattern developed by the theatre, and carried over, as were many of the moving techniques, to silent movie. Tom? s presence, and the visual aspect of the fou r Black originals which were to follow, served the same intent: ? to entertain by emphasizing negro inferiority. ? ( Boggle, 4 ) Although holding no positive consequence on the position of Black people in America socially, the tom character opened the door for Black histrions in film. Sam Lucas became the first black adult male to be cast in a prima function as a Tom, and in 1927, Universal Pictures signed James B. Lowe, a fine-looking black histrion, for the lead function in the Universal Pictures production of Uncle Tom? s Cabin. Lowe was chosen to play the portion because movie manager Harry Pollard, a former blackface histrion, believed he? tantrum in with the realistic demands of the times? ( Bogle, 6 ) Tom was to be followed by the coon, although he remained the cinematic Black character favourite. Where Tom was an adorable character, the coon provided audiences an object of amusement. Two discrepancies of the coon shortly emerged: the piccaninny and the uncle ramus. ( Bogle, 7 ) The Pickanny was the first coon type to look in film. ? By and large, he was a harmless, small crazy creative activity whose eyes popped, whose hair stood on terminal with the least exhilaration, and whose jokes were pleasant and diverting. ? ( Bogle, 7 ) The Pickaninny provided audiences with an amusive recreation, and shortly found his manner into the Black Marias of the mass audience. Following to debut was the pure coon, ? a good-for-nothing nigga? , whose undependable, brainsick, lazy nature was good for nil but feeding and doing problem. This character found its pinnacle of success in Rastus, a good-for-naught Black featured in a series of movies released between 1910 and 1911. The concluding coon brother would emerge as the tidal bore to delight metaphoric cousin to the Tom. Quaint, and na? ve, the Uncle Ramus character distinguished himself through his amusing philosophizing. ( Bogle,8 ) In general, the cinematic coon was used to bespeak the Black adult male? s contentment with his submissive place in society. Besides emerging around this clip period is the tragic mulatto: a negro visible radiation plenty to go through for white, who must contend against the negro contamination to either rise above his coloring material, or autumn victim to it. Mammy, a character closely related to the amusing coon, was the following to emerge. Headstrong and copiously female, Mammy debuted around 1914. The Mammy function would be perfected by Hattie McDaniel in the 1930? s. From the mammy functions emerged the Aunt Jemima, a male or female character who had a spot more tact and were, for the most portion, Sweet and congenial. The concluding original emerged in D.W. Griffith? s The Birth of a Nation ( 1915 ) . Picturing life before and after the civil war, all four originals are present in this movie. It depicts recreant Blacks who overpowe r the charitable, white Southerners and leave on a way of lechery, coarseness and offense. The ultimate end of these wild beast-men is sexual laterality of the pure, guiltless white adult females. At the movies decision, the white work forces of the? unseeable imperium? drive in to salvage the twenty-four hours and reconstruct white domination in the South. Proudly know aparting, D. W. Griffith, touted as one of the fore-fathers of film, uses his movie command to demo audiences what happens when? slaves get overweening? . The five originals would govern in black film for the following 50 old ages. Although Black movies did emerge, it was for the most portion produced by white production companies for a black audiences. Black Independent production companies such as the Ebony Motion Picture Company began to emerge in the 20? s, but the stereotypes and capable affair stayed the same. A common subject of societal mounting, the ultimate end of the Black being suburban life, ruling Black theaters. ( Cham, 20 ) Throughout the 30? s and 40? s the mobster movies rose to the bow, normally picturing gun-totting, slick-talking Blacks, entent on doing it large. Despite the presence of Black independent film makers such as George Randall, African American issues were basically ignored. The 50? s and 60? s brought societal agitation and the Civil Rights Movement brought a demand for movies with a stronger message. The originals of the 20? s and mid-thirtiess were no longer acceptable, and the few Hollywood? race movies? ( which normally starred Sidney Poitier ) , were no longer adequate. ? Hollywood was still unable to spot or picture the full spectrum of Black American life and culture. ? ( Cham, 21 ) In 1971, Black movie experienced an epiphany. It came in the signifier of a low-budget, severely made Gallic movie by the name of Sweet Sweetback? s Baadasssss Song. It was created about wholly by one Black man- Melvin Van Peebles. This marked a extremist alteration in Black film. ? In 1971, Melvin new wave Peebles dropped a bomb. Sweet Sweetback? s Baadasssss Song was non polite. It raged, it screamed, it provoked. It? s echos were felt throughout the state. In the Black community it was both hailed and denounced for it? s sexual rawness, its butch hero, and its word picture of the community as downpressed and in demand of rescue. ? ( Diawara, 118 ) Van Peebles movie sparked an detonation of what would go known as blaxploitation movies. What Sweet Sweetback Baadassss Song did was interpret Black Stereotypes otherwise. He, and other Black managers of the clip, took the Black Buck, Coon, and Mammy stereotypes of the epoch before and modernized them. ? Mammy? lost weight and grew an Afro, going the ultra-stylish prima donna which was personified best by actress Pam Grier. The Black Buck emerged dominant, ready to contend his historical oppressors. Blaxploitation movies acted as a cleaning procedure, through which black movies were finally able to accurately picture the African American experience. Directors such as Spike Lee and Jon Singleton were able to make? race movies? which confronted the serious urban issues of the clip, without utilizing old stereotypes. It is of import to observe, nevertheless, that Sweet Sweetback is non considered a blaxpoitation movie, as it is excessively artistic to be considered such. Rather, Melvin Van Peebles foremost movie was the accelerator for the cleaning blast. ? The Farm narrative? marked a point in time- before it there was no Canadian individuality in theater, after it there was. In the same manner, Melvin Van Peebles? film marked the minute when African Americans reclaimed their individuality. They were no longer content with the cinematic functions offered to them, and so they began to make their ain. Although blaxploitation movies were subsequently commercialized, their purpose and consequence stayed consistent, and have created the ethno-conscious film industry we find today. Bogle, Donald. Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, and Bucks. New York: Viking Press, 1973.Cham, Mbye B. Blackframes. Cambridge: The Mit Press, 1988.Cripps, Thomas. Making Movies Black. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. Diawara, Manthia. Black American Cinema. New York: Routledge, 1993. Lead, Daniel J. From Sambo to Superspade. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1976.Morton, Jim. Am I Black Enough for You? Blaxploitation. 20 Sept. 1998. 22 Nov. 1998. Patterson, Lindsay. Black Films and Film-Makers. New York: Dodd, Mead A ; Company, 1975.Sampson, Henry T. Blacks in Black and White: A Source Book on Black Films. New Jersey: The Scarecrow Press Inc. , 1977.

Homework Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 15

Homework - Assignment Example Instead of acknowledging him as a treasure for his long service to the industry, his organizations hired a younger and more capable worker to oversee and assess his work (Schlossberg 57). He probably felt greatly unappreciated after all he had done for the company. Hank should first have taken time for a lengthy period of reflection in which to consider his options before returning to work. He might have asked for a few days for this. During this time, he could have confided in a counselor about his concerns and worries in the workplace. He could also have confided in support groups for elderly workers who are confronted by changes in the workplace that could very well portend their dismissal if they are unable to keep up with the changes. Elaine could have been more compassionate and given Hank more time to adapt to the changes in the workplace. She, as well as the other executives could also have started a support group as well as a training group specifically aimed at elderly workers such as Hank who were confounded by the new expectations that made them appear obsolete. No. I would have pleaded for more time to learn about the new methods of operation that were necessary to succeed in the changing market. I would openly have sought the help of other more productive workers in reaching the numbers of accounts that the company