Politeness in Life Essay

Politeness has been well defined as benevolence in trifles. Like benevolence on a larger scale, it includes a feeling in the mind as well as the performance of those outward actions by which that feeling is manifested. The internal feeling, which is an essential part of true politeness, is the same all over the world, however much its manifestations may differ. It is the desire to put those whom we meet perfectly at their ease, and save them from every kind of petty discomfort and annoyance. Benevolence in its ordinary sense implies love of our fellow-men and a desire to do all we can to promote their permanent happiness. The limited part of benevolence called politeness requires only an inclination to make them happy temporarily, while they are in our presence, and when this can be done without any sacrifice on our part or only with a slight sacrifice of personal comfort. It is possible that politeness may be dissociated from general excellence of character, as in the case of Charles II., who exhib ­ited his remarkable urbanity of manner even on his death-bed by apologising for being â€Å"a most unconscionable time dying.† In certain cases there may even be a conflict between politeness and ordinary benevolence. For instance, a doctor may, by politely sacrificing his place in a conveyance to a lady, arrive late at a sick ­bed where his presence is urgently required. In such cases, of course, politeness should yield to the higher obligation. The particular actions in which politeness is manifested differ according to circumstances and according to the customs of dif ­ferent countries. As long as society recognises distinctions in rank, politeness requires us to show marks of respect to our superiors, that are not expected in the presence of our equals and inferiors. Different rules of behaviour have to be observed, ac ­cording as we are in the street or in the drawing-room, at home or at school, in the company of friends or of strangers. There is also to be considered the great diversity of social etiquette which distinguishes one country from another. A polite Frenchman in his own country raises his hat to a shop-girl when he enters a shop, but if he did so in England, he would be laughed at, and the object of his polite attention would probably resent his con ­duct. The difference in these matters is so great between the East and the West, that it is very difficult for Europeans and Indians to meet in social intercourse without unintentionally offending one another. In such circumstances a more liberal interpretation of the rule of politeness requires a large amount of mutual indul ­gence. Politeness, besides being a duty that we owe to others, is a valuable possession for ourselves. It costs nothing, and yet may in many cases bring much profit. The great advantage of this excellence of conduct was very clearly expressed by Dr. Johnson, when he said that the difference between a well-bred and an ill- bred man is that one immediately attracts your liking, the other your aversion. â€Å"You love the one,† he observes, â€Å"till you find reason to hate him; you hate the other till you find reason to love him.† In this way, the well-bred man has in his politeness what is equivalent to a valuable letter of introduction, that recommends him to every one with whom he comes into contact.

Communication Gap Among the Generations

Executive Summary: This report is an analysis of the different communication styles among Baby boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y/Millenials. The report discusses the different mindsets, values, and goals among the different generations. The differences above make it hard for organizations to place emphasis on the real issue; the communication gap among the different generations due to different communication styles. The report recommends ways for organizations to integrate the different communication styles to create a more driven, cohesive, and successful organization.The research enforces the fact of the differences in communication styles among different generations causes a communication gap in organizations, making organizations less effective. The research further reveals the gap in communication amongst the different generations makes it difficult to manage Baby boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y/Millenials. The research shows that bridging the communication gap wil l decrease misunderstandings and motivate the different generations to be more interdependent and team oriented.Finally, the research reveals integration of the different communication styles among the generations will create effective and successful organizations. According to the research communication is the most intricate part of any successful business relationship. There is a 20 year gap between each generation. Organizations’ inability to bridge the 20 year gap will be a cost factor, make organizations less efficient, and dismiss interdependency amongst the different generations. It is recommended: Organizations need to ensure the employees’ goals are aligned with the organizational goals * Ongoing training and workshops to ensure all employees are knowledgeable of the organization’s product Closing the Communication Gap Communication is the most intricate element of any type of relationship; whether business or personal. In corporate America the differen t styles of communication among Baby-boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y has caused a communication gap in today's organizations.Integrating the different communication styles across generations will improve the effectiveness of communication in organizations, bridging the communication gap to create a more driven, cohesive, and successful organization. The communication gap among the different generations has made communicating difficult for individuals to work effectively and efficiently. The lack of attention organizations give the communication gap among generations makes organizations less capable of reaching their organizational goals.From my experience when communicating with Baby Boomers I receive pushback, Generation X is more receptive, and Generation Y/Millennial will receive the message, yet look for an incentive. Many organizations are unable to attract motivated or driven employees due to unsuccessful attempts to integrate the different communication styles among t he different generations. For example, the wages, benefits and incentives offered to the different generations differ due to the time each group entered the workplace.The younger generations are not attracted to organizations who are not trying to bridge the gap of communication among the different generations. The younger generations aren’t attracted to businesses that aren’t trying to bridge the gap because they know that there are thousands of other businesses that are up to date with the current technology. Example, Verizon and Apple give their employees devices to help with training. By doing so, employees will have more of a hand on training, versus reading multiple books on the device(s).Baby boomers and Generation X make up the largest part of the workforce, because Baby boomers were born in a rich economic era filled with job opportunities and stable their work ethics and moral are stronger than those of Generation X and Generation Y/Millennial. Baby boomers a re more self absorbed, and individualized. Baby boomers are not fans of teams and have to be trained to work in a team environment. Baby boomers prefer a directive leadership style approach. They want to know exactly what to do, how to do it, and when to do it. Generation X is more innovative, team oriented, and self sufficient.This generation will research an issue and make a decision based upon their knowledge and good judgment; they are entrepreneurs. Generation Y/Millennial brings back to the workforce a strong sense of self worth. They welcome feedback because it helps advance their career to the next level. Generation Y/Millennial communicates openly and is always looking for ways to improve the work process. Baby boomers live to work, Generation X work to live, and Generation Y/Millennial work to satisfy personal goals; the different work characteristics and birth eras makes organizational communication difficult.Baby boomers do not trust authority therefore they avoid commun ication with superiors; Generation X has an informal approach to superiors they are not afraid to voice their opinions or refutes, and Generation Y/ Millennial communicate openly. The different styles of communication among the three generations cause different perspectives, thoughts and problem solving methods to arise when organizations are trying to complete a task. Organizations bridging the communication gap among the generations will enhance the values and knowledge of their employees.By doing so, this motivates them to align their personal goals with the goals of the organization, which contributes success of the organization. The different views on communication causes the generation to take focus off of the goals the organization is trying to achieve and put more focus on how the company is communicating the goal. Once organizations find a way to integrate the communication styles of the different generations the organization will be able to motivate their employees to be m ore driven towards achieving the goals of the organization.If employees feel they are not receiving the information they need to fulfill the role of their position. Organizations have to find a way to get Baby boomers onboard with electronic communications. Most Baby boomers shy away from text message, email, social media and other electronic communications. Generation X and Generation Y/Millennial prefer the electronic communication; concise and saves time. Organizations do not consider the communication gap when considering the elements that are causing the organization to fail.Organizations do not realize ineffective communication among the different generations affects the quality of the teams and causing confusion among the members. Baby boomers are workaholics, while Generation X and Generation Y/Millennial do what is required and go home. Baby boomers will stay until the project is complete; Generation X and Generation Y will leave the work for the next day. Organizations hav e to learn how to deal with the differences among the generations to improve the drive of the members.To get everyone to focus more on bringing the different generations together, organizations have to stop categorizing people into groups based on their birth era. Organizations need to understand employees who are more driven will produce more high quality work. To put the drive in employees organizations have to know what motivates all their employees and how it affects them personally. Organizations have to close the communication gap among the difference generations to effectively deliver feedback and receive feedback from employees.To create team cohesiveness, organizations must bridge the communication gap so the different generations will be interdependent on one another. The generation gap eliminates team cohesiveness because some team members are unable to effectively express themselves or are to self absorbed to ask for understanding of a problem. The different styles of co mmunication among the generations can cause individuals to be stubborn towards change, while others welcome change and see change as an opportunity for growth.Bridging the communication gap will prevent manipulation of the organizational system for self gain and put more focus on developing the team. An organization must have great communication skills to be successful. Organizations must be willing to put forth the extra effort to successfully communicate among the different generations. Organizations have been unsuccessful in many ventures due to lack of loyalty, lack of productivity, and lack of respect caused by the gap in communication. The gap in communication has caused organizations to downsize and lose customers.Organizations have to give individuals the cause and effect of successfully integrating the different communication styles. The organization has to let the employees know how the integration of communication styles can be a benefit for them. Due to the birth era dif ferent generations are comfortable communicating face to face versus using an electronic source. Organizations have to respect the difference in the styles of communicating and create a work environment where people aren’t afraid to voice their opinions to make the organization successful.Organizations inability to accommodate different communication styles and promote open communication has caused them to be unsuccessful Organizations have experienced cost issues due to the communication. The cost associated with resolving the communication gap is minimal. Changing the way things are viewed is a key component to organizations being successful. Promoting organizational communication among the different generations will assist organizations with successfully integrating the different communication styles. The organization has to be more aware and put them in a position to apply the strengths of each generation.Once organizations understand the different styles of communication the gap will begin to close. Organizations have to do their research to understand the communication styles of the different generations. Organizations will need to establish a relationship among the generations to integrate the different communication styles, increase employee drive and be more successful. In order to save highly efficient employees, organizations will need to take more time to construct plans to integrate the different communication styles. Today Corporate American employs various generations across different departments.The mixture of Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y has caused conflicts with communication due to misunderstanding. Implementing a plan or strategy that will capture the key values and personality of each generation is a way to avoid challenges due to the communication gap among the different generations. The different communication styles of the generations is more difficult to understand or respect the difference among the generations. In 2011, Hahn stated understanding generational differences can be a source of creative strength and an opportunity or a source of stifling stress and conflict (p. 20). Communication is the most intricate element of any type of relationship whether business or personal. In corporate America the different styles of communication among Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y causes a communication gap in today’s organizations. Integrating the different communication styles across generations will improve the effectiveness of communication in organizations, bridging the communication gap to create a more drive, cohesive, and successful organization. Management would really need to step it up when it comes to managing multiple generations.The different generations will be able to gain a better understanding of the values, work characteristics, and customs of each other’s generation if organizations are able to bridge the communication gap. Bridging the communication gap will decrease misinterpretation of information at meetings and will create a more driven organization. According to the article â€Å"Managing Multiple Generations,† familiarization with the characteristics and core values of each generation will help organizations to better understand the differences in the communication style of the generations and lead to improved team work (Hahn, 2011, p. 20). Once corporations gain an understanding of the differences in communication style among the generations and begin to implement work processes bridging the communication gap they will be able to attract and retain quality employees. According to the article, â€Å"Managing Multiple Generations,† the outcome of bridging the communication gap among the different generations will decrease workplace stress and tension creates a stronger more driven organization (Hahn, 2011, p. 120). Remember that your research has to be tied to your specific problem.Baby boomers make up most o f corporate America, are very loyal and are very serious about their careers or job duties. According to the article, â€Å"Managing Multiple Generations,† this population grew up in a time of economic prosperity (Hahn, 2011, p. 120). Baby boomers are now being managed by people who are the ages of their children. For example, I have a friend and her manager is 15 years younger than she is. When her manager instructs her to do a task she hesitates due to the age gap and the difference in communication style.She reacts this way because she feels the younger generation does not take the time to weigh the pros and cons of a situation, they go with what is good for right now, which isn’t good for the organization. By being a Baby Boomer, she’s resistant to change and feel as if a thirty year old is experienced enough to be a manager. She enjoys working independently and defines herself through her work title. Today many corporations gravitate to team environments; B aby boomers are unfavorable to team environments. Baby boomers have strong work ethics and measure work with self worth and fulfillment.Baby boomers are the group that arrives early to work and views overtime as a moral obligations (Hahn, 2011, p. 120 Organizations identifying the different communication style among the generations help them use the correct tools and sources to effectively communicate with their employees. Once an organization implements an effective communication style accepted by Baby boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y/Millennial have overcome the obstacle that has caused many organizations to lack cohesiveness and the communication gap due to ifferent generations in the workplace. Organizations are more successful when they effectively integrate the different communication styles across generations. Without great communication skills an organization will fail. According to Gibson, Greenwood, and Murphy (2010) organizations have effectively integrated the dif ferent communication styles among the different generations when they are able to identify the unique characteristics and values of each generation (p. 40).Once the unique characteristics and values are indentified, the organization creates processes that manage and reconcile the differences in the communication styles among Baby boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y/Millennial (Gibson, Greenwood ; Murphy, 2010, p. 42). I have noticed in my workplace how management has implemented different ways to bridge the communication gap among Baby boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y/Millennial. For example, they will send out an email advising they are having refresher courses on the different electronic communication applications.Sending out a mass email to everyone in the organizations does not stereotype a particular group; it allows anyone the opportunity to attend a training class to become more familiar with the different media applications. According to Gibson, Greenwood, and Mur phy (2010) by doing the refresher trainings organizations are able to reconcile the different styles of communications among the different generations, and understand the strengths of each generation (p. 42).The refresher courses also prevent generational exclusivity (Gibson, Greenwood ; Murphy, 2010, p. 43). Once the company effectively integrates the different communication styles among the different generations, they’ll be able to send the right message to the right channel to each generation; therefore, creating a more successful organization. Effective communication is the key in any successful relationship; an organization, just like a marriage, will fail if there’s a gap in communication.According to Gibson, Greenwood ; Murphy (2010) understanding and accommodating value differences, organizations can effectively close the communication gap among the different generations and eliminate the barriers to attaining a successful organization (p. 43. ) The ultimate qu estion is, what would we need to do in order to bridge the gap? According to all the data and research, an organization would need to make sure the employee’s goals and way of thinking is in line with the company’s organizational goals.The company should also conduct workshops to help the employees bring efficiency to the organization. Motivation and incentives also play a big part in generation gaps. An example would be, some generations would be motivated by higher salaries and/or bonuses, while other generations would be motivated by recognitions/awards. Another factor would be, technology. As I stated earlier in the paper, Verizon and Apple gives more of a hands on training, rather than administering paper manuals/test. Technology is the key in this age, and technology will make or break a company’s success.The younger generation IM (instant message), send text, and/or emails as their source of communication (indirect). On the other hand, the older generatio ns would choose more of a direct source of communication. With the job markets changing, the demands for all generations are needed. The key would be to balance the generations to utilize all the advantages. References: Bailey, A. , ; Ngwenyama, O. (2010). Bridging the Generation Gap in ICT Use: Interrogating Identity, Technology and Interactions in Community Telecenters. Information Technology For Development, 16(1), 62-82. oi:10. 1080/02681100903566156 Hahn, J. A. (2011). Managing Multiple Generations: Scenarios From the Workplace. Nursing Forum, 46(3), 119- 127. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1744-6198. 2011. 00223. x Murphy Jr. , E. F. , Gibson, J. , ; Greenwood, R. A. (2010). Analyzing Generational Values Among Managers and Non-Managers for Sustainable Organizational Effectiveness. SAM Advanced Management Journal (07497075), 75(1), 33-55. Ochs, L. , ; Adams, R. (2009). Generational stereotyping and group communication. Radiation Therapist, 18(2), 155-158.

Capital Punishment Research

The use of capital punishment, frequently known as the death penalty, is highly controversial in some countries. Although laws vary between different countries as to what crimes may warrant capital punishment, the crimes for which it is most commonly used are murder and drug-related offenses. The death penalty is the execution of a person for a crime (typically murder). The death penalty is not used in many countries including all European countries, Australia, and New Zealand. In the US 35 of the 50 states allow the death penalty. Popular opinion In the United States of America, the use of capital punishment is generally accepted, with 78 percent of the Republican Party and 52 percent the Democratic Party in support of its use for the crime of murder. The Constitution Party is in support of the death penalty, and the Green Party is opposed to its use. Worldwide, there is little consensus. Capital punishment is abolished in Europe, except for Belarus, which regularly practices it, and Latvia, which retains it for crimes committed during wartime. The Council of Europe prohibits any member state from practicing it. Both Turkey and Russia were pressed to abolish capital punishment as a condition for joining. Turkey abolished capital punishment after it was ruled unconstitutional in 2004, while Russia established a moratorium in 1996, which was renewed in 2009 by the Constitutional Court of Russia, pending abolition. There is little opposition to the death penalty in China, Japan, and most Middle Eastern and African countries, where it continues to be practiced. Execution of innocent people Capital punishment is often opposed on the grounds that innocent people will inevitably be convicted. This fact is well supported in the US. Between 1973 and 2005, 123 people in 25 states were released from death row when new evidence of their innocence emerged. However, statistics likely understate the actual problem of wrongful convictions because once an execution has occurred there is often insufficient motivation and finance to keep a case open, and it becomes unlikely at that point that the miscarriage of justice will ever be exposed. Another issue is the quality of the defense in a case where the accused has a public defender. The competence of the defense attorney is a better predictor of whether or not someone will be sentenced to death than the facts of the crime. Also, improper procedure may result in unfair executions. For example, Amnesty International argues that, in Singapore, the Misuse of Drugs Act contains a series of presumptions which shift the burden of proof from the prosecution to the accused. This conflicts with the universally guaranteed right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty. However, this refers to a situation when someone is being caught with drugs.

International Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

International Business - Research Paper Example The tremendous amount of development in the fields of technology along with high level of advancements in the telecommunication arena has resulted in the process of emergence and spread of various kinds of internet powered gadgets like Smartphones, tablets etc. Because of the nature, psychology and fascination towards technological gadgets, the new age electronic devices which has attained the status of lifestyle objects, has gained speedy acceptance in the lives of the masses around the world. On the same lines, it is important to mention that because of the continuously changing world, the lifestyle of the masses located in the markets of the developed as well as the fast emerging regions are also witnessing a steady shift. Because of the rise in pace of human lives as well as growing hectic schedules, the internet powered gadgets has become the modern day individual’s gateway to knowledge, information, entertainment as well as a host of other activities. The multi feature f acilities supported by the recent day gadgets play a highly catalytic role on this particular arena. Due to the favourable points of access of the internet from various latest day gadgets and phones, the consumers located in various corners of the world are getting increasingly exposed to trends of various markets. The process of globalization, is continuously paving the way for spreading of new trends in the markets of both the developing as well as the developed regions. With the arrival of new trends, consumers are getting more and more demanding in nature in regards to their specific requirements. This is in return creating a demand in the marketplace for kinds of innovative products and services. It is highly important to state that the new demands that are emerging in various markets around the world because of sophistication of consumer behaviour of the masses are resulting in the emergence of a new kind of business opportunity. Sensing the rise of new opportunities for busin ess in various markets around the world, the companies and organizations which are located in distant foreign locations are continuously evaluating the gains that might emerge by entering in the new business markets. This trend of entering of new markets by foreign companies is resulting in the rise of international management in the arena of business. It is very important to state that while concentrating on the process of business management of international nature, various factors and trends that are very different from the influencing factors of domestic business has to be considered by the management of the organization. This project highlights the strategies that has to be designed by the firm named Qatar Petroleum for the purpose of entering international markets, while taking into account the various factors that might bring a significant amount of influence in the entire process. It is utterly important to state that this project will be largely based on concepts of interna tional management. It will also include linking the concepts of international management for designing strategies related to international management. Needs for International Management The growing levels of competition in the multiple markets around the world have created a sense of urgency on the companies in regards to successful value creation and communication for their respective products and services. With the emergence of multiple firms offering homogeneous

The Signalling theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Signalling theory - Essay Example Similarly, human interactions rely on signals most of the time. The signals enable people to identify some hidden qualities of the other person. The theory focuses on providing comprehension of the varied signals as well as noting, which are dependable. For example, in making decisions, employers and managers rely on the information they obtain from the signals they receive. For instance, in making decisions about capital structures and payout policies, a manager would rely on the existing arrangement and try to evaluate its effectiveness before deciding on the next step (Chang & Hong 2000). Signals according to the theory can be categorized into assessment and conventional signals. The assessment signals denote the signals that are reliable; that is, they are signals that tend to restrict individuals who do not pose the quality required by the signal from using it. For example, if a manager perceives the organization to be overvalued, he or she should not signal the stakeholders tha t the organization holds a better opportunity in the future to increase profits by increasing their payouts. This is because implementing the signal will lead to embarrassment of the manager as well as create distrust. The conventional signals on the other hand denote unreliable indicators. In most cases, the signals are external and can result in heavy consequences. For example, if a manager makes a decision based on the consumer behaviour; for instance, seeing that the consumers are making high purchases of a product, the manager decides to produce these in high quantities perceiving that the profits for the organization will increase. This can be a false signal, especially when the consumer is presented with another alternative for the same product. The manager will lose face before the investors and can even be dismissed from office. Therefore, it is imperative to first identify the aspects affecting the capital structure and payout policies of the organization before signalling the respective parties or making any major decisions (Notes on Signalling 2005). Cost appears to be major factor in the signalling theory. This is because prior to making any decisions, managers need to consider the expense. At times, some signals may be deceiving and may later affect the decisions made adversely in a negative way. For example, the target earnings of the business may seem promising in the next quarter of the business thereby making the manager decide on a high pay out percentage. This signal could be truthful or deceiving and will eventually impact on the decision made for pay outs. On the other hand, deceptive signals can be used to benefit the creator of the signal. For instance, a manager can signal stakeholders and potential investors that the organization is well off to making more profits by increasing the payout ratio for their dividends. This would make them invest more in the organization and thus, enable the manager to expand the business and increase pro fits (Pacheco & Raposo 2007). Managers face the basic responsibility of deciding on the amount to debt to be employed on the capital structure as well as determine the dividend percentages to be paid out (Barclay et al. 1992). Different theories have been established to identify the aspects that are relevant in identifying capital structures and payout policies. Among these is the signalling theory. Aside from cost, taxes have also been noted to be a vital aspect that affects the capital struc

Team conflict management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Team conflict management - Case Study Example Some of these attribute cuts across the board for all the successful companies. Therefore, it is necessary for the management to understand them and ensure they instill them to the employees. A case of a web design company has been presented where a team is disintegrated. The team comprising of a graphic designer, a programmer, a usability expert, and a project manager are not in good working terms, hence the fate of the team lies on the balance. There are complains that some team members are not playing their roles effectively due to carelessness and lack of meeting the client’s needs. On the other hand, some of the team members have a view that others are being inconsiderate of their predicaments and situations. As a result, there is lack of cohesiveness within the team. These aspects hinder the productivity of the company. The company director has been concerned about the productivity of the team. This report is based on her concerns on the poor conflict management in the organization. Therefore, this report seeks to establish the cause of conflicts and the measures that the company can effect in order to ensure that the team in conflict gets to reconcile. In a ddition, future strategies of preventing conflict will be addressed as well as characteristics of successful team. A team is comprised of individuals with diverse thoughts and views. This diversity ensures that creativity and innovativeness is harnessed for the overall benefit of the team’s objectives. However, this is not always the case; diversity can be a source of conflict. For this reason, teams that have devised proper conflict management mechanisms are able to stand the torrents of conflicts. Conflicts between teams or team members can be caused perceived or actual aspects. Some of the cause of conflict is constructive while majority are destructive. These sources include; A

Analyzing the author's meaning and method Essay

Analyzing the author's meaning and method - Essay Example Currently, technology affects how people relate by defining the kinds of conversation that people can engage in while reducing personal touch. In addition, the communication technologies compete around the world and the impact of competition can be felt in the society. The human being is substituting the real conversations with shallow and poor connections (Turkle 32). It enables the depicting of a particular image that is verified and tested. The image created is different and has several inferences that could be drawn out of it making the whole process complex and hard to understand. The other issues highlighted by the author are the use of the social media platforms in the development of relationships such as the use of Facebook, MySpace, Twitter and other social platforms. These technologies offer an insensitive short-sighted image of the same person making the relationship development process complex and hard to undertake. The digital worlds have offered several platforms of ope ration with varying degrees of success but also by creating a crisis in the process by the creation of the digital personalities which may be different from the known personality. Such challenges in duality pose serious issues of identity and relationship building. The success of the communication technology is massive in relations to change of the communication protocol and other related issues. ... However, the level of presentation of ideas is different in relation to the context of each case. The use of terms such cyborg and other technological terms improve the presentation of the ideas and create an atmosphere of technological improvement and set up (Turkle 35). Consequently, the terms improves the structure of idea presentation in the book encouraging the development of the different concepts and addresses the issues of change. The book is divided into two parts which complement each other to complete the ideas of the author. The author addresses the impact of technology by dividing the presentation in two parts which include; Robotic movement and networked. These two parts address several issues in development that can be viewed as integral to the development of new understanding of the society. The two parts deals with the different issues of intimacy in relationship development and address the issues of technology. The structure of the whole book is based on increased i mpact of technology and the changes effected in the society as a result of the changes. In spite of the changes in technology, several issues can be addressed by evaluating the power of the choice in the society and addressing the natural changes and forced changes in the writing set up (Turkle 33). However, she does no address some issues articulately creating gaps in the idea synchronization. The explanation of these concepts is addressed by the use of narrations and explanation. For instance, chapter eight beings with narrating the dream of Pia Lindman when entering the Halls of MIT. It states that the interest of student supersedes the impact of social control in changing the perception of the people and

Abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 7

Abortion - Essay Example topic of abortion first from a standpoint of statistical data which reinforces the fact that teen pregnancy, though declining in number, is leading to an abortion epidemic in the U.S., â€Å"In the U.S., teen abortion accounts for 19% of all procedures of this nature†(Huttenlocker, 2008). Establishing quantitative data by obtaining statistics from a reliable source is an effective approach to structuring a sound and convincing argument on any topic, especially one of this nature. Huttenlocker proceeds to establish that though teen pregnancy has actually declined in number within the last ten years, the abortion rate has not. This validates the fact that abortion is being treated as a means of birth control as opposed to being a last resort decision in extreme circumstances. By going on to include health information pertinent to teens having abortions, Huttenlocker is able to clearly establish the notion that abortion may not be the best alternative for teens, especially as a m eans of birth control, â€Å"Teens are at higher risk for post-abortion infections such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and endometritis (inflammation of the uterus), which may be caused either by the spread of an undiagnosed sexually transmitted disease into the uterus during the abortion, or by micro-organisms on the surgical instruments which are inserted into the uterus†(Huttenlocker, 2008). Huttenlocker does not exhibit specific rhetoric which serves to convince his reader as much as he presents claims supported by quantitative data thus reinforcing his credibility. This method utilized by Huttenlocker leaves little room for fallacy or the suspicion of it. This article does not leave its reader in the dust as does the following article but instead, actively informs the reader without prejudice or preaching and thus should be rated as 1 out of 4, 1 being the highest rating due to skilled rhetoric, without a great deal of unsubstantiated claims or fallacies. The next article was

The Best Source For Expo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Best Source For Expo - Essay Example It implies that China Kids Expo is the best source for kids’ expo not only in China, but also in the entire region. The last China Kids Expo was conducted at the Shanghai New international Expo center where many exhibitors came to show their wares. Perhaps China Kids Expo prefers the Shanghai New international Expo center because of the convenience and utility of the venue given the fact that the facility can contain thousands of people who come or the fun fair. China has one of the highest numbers of toy exporters and it is only proper that it gets the chance to display its products on a yearly basis so that the world can see the diversity and technology in Chinese products for kids. One of the most important aspects that have put China Kids Expo on the world fair map is its compliance and consistency with the international best practice, especially when it comes to kids products. In fact, the China Kids expo has ensured that the event is concurrent with the 13th International Conference for Trade fairs & Preschool Education Resources China Licensing Expo. China Kids Expo has provided all the information concerning its activities in both print and digital media so that everyone can get the info without necessarily having to go through unnecessary searches. China Kids Expo has an elaborate website where people can browse and look for any information pertaining to the kids’ trade fair. In essence, China Kids expo sponsors the website and has it regularly posts a number of contents ranging from fair news to the exhibitors profiles and products. For example, the website lists the dates, venue, and events that are to take place in Shanghai. In addition, the China Expo website is divided into the major sections that include the general information, information for visitors, and information for exhibitors. Other functions that exist within the website include slots for fair comments, application booths, online

Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Supply Chain Management - Essay Example However, this conclusion entirely depends on the method used to compute the discount rate and it has not been clearly specified whether inflation and other economical changes have been accommodated in this discount rate. The required IRR for the investment is 15%. But the actual IRR for the investment turns out to be 23.5%, which is higher than the required rate. This indicates that the investment is preferable, when the required and actual IRR values are concerned. IRR indicates the discount or interest rate at which NPV equates to zero, i.e., a ‘no gain – no loss’ situation. Higher this rate, higher is the margin of safety. As the actual IRR is higher than the required IRR for the investment, it is clear that the investment is profitable and SBX has a safety margin of about 5.5 %, in case any of the estimations go wrong. Depreciation is straight line and the salvage value is zero – Straight line depreciation is not a valid measure and it is highly unlikely for the salvage value to be zero (at least equals to scrap value in real

Economic Policy Essay Example for Free

Economic Policy Essay The essence of economic policy in the areas of urban housing, urban education, and urban transportation in the United States National Government is cored on the achievement of trade targets. Boosting its market efficiency and redistribution of supply and services grounded on public values are its primary interest (Feldstein, 1999). These economic policies make up a part of the body of agenda. These are of regulated policies prepared by the Federal Reserve System headed by the President of the United States of America and the legislative branch of government (Poole 1999). Body At the outset, economic policies are decisions. President Harry Truman was a decision maker of the land in his time (Mankiw, 1998). He mentioned of his need to find one-armed economist (Mankiw 1998). This is a manifestation that the concept of economic information is ambivalent (Mankiw, 1998). Decisions are taken initially based on individual principles of: trade offs in efficiency and equity, cost of something versus opportunity cost, marginal changes to a plan, and response of people to trade offs (Mankiw, 1998). Subsequently, societal interactions principles are considered based on: trade, markets, and governmental market policy (Mankiw, 1998). Finally, national economy is considered upon the principles of: production of goods and services, inflation, and tradeoff between inflation and unemployment (Mankiw, 1998). Three of the economic policies Of the United States of America National Government are in the areas of urban housing, urban education, and urban transportation. These are parts of the regulated competitive industries (Feldstein, 1999). The urban housing policy covers private and social benefits of homeownership (Haurin, 2003). Bush said, homeownership is the core American values of individuality, thrift, responsibility, and self-reliance (Haurin, 2003). It represents a pathway to pride and prosperity for many families, encourages values of responsibility and sacrifice, creates stability for neighborhoods and communities and generates economic growth that helps strengthen the entire nation (Haurin, 2003) Dietz and Haurin (2003) however showed that 25% more of spouses in owner-occupied households work or are employed. They also have to face up to inevitable tax revenues through mortgage deductions (Haurin, 2003). While the data presumes that the rest of the population in owner-occupied households does not work, this would mean, this group is above average income in the strata of society. The next issue then is to know why were governmental supports for homeownership projects in the scale of billions of dollars far exceeded expenditure on education (Haurin, 2003) when most homeowners have beyond workers financial capabilities. Were the determinants of families becoming homeowners covered by public policy (Haurin, 2003)? What economic public policy would justify lumping up of burdens on homeowners who are mere workers? What economic public policy would explain governmental support to boost the status of those who can afford a home? Would this public policy be in consistent with the targets of government as pronounced by the President? Enhancement of market efficiency is focused on: developing performances of industries by eliminating anticompetitive elements; providing consumer protection like making informed choices possible; and ensuring product cost would include externalities (Feldstein 1999). While redistribution of resources and services anchored on the policy of collecting higher taxes from those who earn more to provide for those who earn less (Feldstein 1999). These policies however are often influenced by international institutions like the International Monetary Fund or World Bank as well as political beliefs and the consequent policies of parties. Housing Policy for example is usually analyzed in economic industry, as a form of market. Market leads to efficient allocation through a complex process of matching supply and demand. This depends on competition, good information, the existence of multiple suppliers, and the existence of different multiple purchasers. At the beginnings of the 21st century the demographical changes in the United States shaped housing consumption (Masnick, 1990). This is marked though by the big problem in urban housing policy which became inadequate for the increased number of houses required to support increasing population (Masnick, 1990). The number of homeless people is constantly increasing annually (Masnick, 1990). Homelessness became a very complex problem (Masnick, 1990). This means, if there were not enough places for people to live, then there are really those who does not have any shelter of their own (Masnick, 1990). The housing market bloated beyond previous policy allocations (Masnick, 1990). As a consequence, those who were not originally included generally became the poorest constituents of society (Masnick, 1990). Subsequent to demographical changes is the alternative of the homeless to find shelter in temporary shanties on unoccupied lands (Dunleavy, 1981). This led to problems of land entitlements (Dunleavy, 1981). Squatters over time on squatted settlements built more stable houses (Dunleavy, 1981). Homelessness often led to development of individual characteristics such as alcoholism, psychiatric illness, unemployment, and marital breakdown (Dunleavy, 1981). The situation is further aggravated by the decrease in privately owned housing programs (Dunleavy, 1981). The local governmental systems then were obligated to absorb the market (Dunleavy, 1981). As it turned out, it is cheaper to buy houses than to rent (Dunleavy, 1989). Housing conditions in many cities which were particularly unsatisfactory being old and in poor condition were improved (Dunleavy, 1989). Looking back, series of policies since the late 1960s focused on the problems of deprivation in inner city areas (Dunleavy, 1989). Much of the concern was with the inner cities growth which was an attempt to produce an acceptable racial policy. Despite this, ethnic minorities have had no proportionate share of resources from policies for the inner cities (Dunleavy, 1989). However, local government economic policies today are more focused, and greatly in consistent with constant changes in the societal demographics regardless of ethnicity (Gabriel, 1990). Another consideration however must be made. This is because of: the limited availability of affordable rental units, mortgage finance, reduced housing and income assistance to very low income populations, problems of public housing, low income housing preservation, issues of equal opportunities in housing and housing finance market (Gabriel, 1990). Thus it could be said that housing trends are developed largely because of statistical increase in the number of people as well as their movements for relocation needs (Masnick, 1990). The individual household needs were then used as the foundation for the modification of housing policy. This is in addition to the different economic changes which were built-in, in the shifting demographic landscape (Masnick, 1990). In the area of education, improvements must be made in urban education policy (Hess, 2001). Urban districts are now facing hazardous problems in educating young people because of the lack of support from the local government (Hess, 2001). Many buildings in urban public schools are very old (Hess, 2001). Because of this, despite the big number of public schools in the United States, only one-fourth of the country’s students are attending the classes throughout districts (Hess, 2001). These are the main problems of the district official in the urban public area (Hess, 2001). They are unable to comply with the needs of their student population Hess, 2001). The rates of dropout students are also increasing (Hess, 2001). The urban education policy that would most likely fit implementation will be one that is site-based management throughout the district (Hess, 2001). This will allow officials and teachers at the school level to focus more on the specific needs of the students (Hess, 2001). Educational reform efforts and policy initiatives are now under way that shows commitment in improving the quality of education. It will include the proper raising of the student outcomes in the urban districts (Hess, 2001). A key issue though in urban education policy is the potential impact of market-based reforms (Hess, 2001). It will require more than the application of additional money in improving the quality of urban education (Hess, 2001). Allocations of school funds must be centered on the functions of instruction, administration, operations, and maintenance of almost the same statistical number of clients (Picus, 1996). Urban transportation policies must likewise be modified as societal demographics evolved (Norton, 1955-1970). Many states have still no urban freeways (Norton, 1955-1970). The ever increasing numbers of privately owned cars warrants improvement in policies (Norton, 1955-1970). Evolving Americans have to face up to transport problems in the cities (Norton, 1955-1970). The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944 made a beginning at bringing highways to the city (Barranda, 2004). It set aside 25 percent of federal highway funds for urban projects and called for the designation of a National System of Interstate Highways† (Barranda, 2004). Although funding of these projects in the late 1940s and early 1950s was at more than two and a half times the prewar levels, total annual federal highway appropriations remained a half billion dollars or less (Barranda, 2004). The problem was that while government and industry both wanted highways, neither wanted to foot the bill (Barranda, 2004). Industry opposed excise taxes and tolls, while government opposed special bond issues and debt increases (Barranda, 2004). Divisions between pro-highway industries impeded their ability to lobby for an effective highway program (Barranda, 2004). However, eventually, the highway system that the government-industry partnership built was urban (Barranda, 2004). The unique degree of private participation in U. S. ransportation policymaking, and a federal policy treated all transportation problems as matters for highway engineers to solve (Barranda, 2004). In 1954, President Eisenhower suggested that metropolitan area congestion be solved by a grand plan for a properly articulated highway system (Larsen, 1995). In 1956, the House Committee on Public Works urged drastic steps, warning that otherwise traffic jams will soon bring down our growing economy (Larsen, 1995). The demise of the highways-only policy stemmed also from serious flaws in the policy itself (Larsen, 1995). At the end of World War II, the federal government began a significant intervention in urban transportation (Larsen, 1995). It was one which had increased to enormous proportions by 1960 (Larsen, 1995). But the funds were provided exclusively for the construction of urban highways (Larsen, 1995). Thus, urban transportation systems necessarily became imbalanced in favor of automotive transport (Larsen, 1995). Even the automotive transport systems were imbalance too (Larsen, 1995). Inequality was brought about by the ways in which federal dollars were allocated (Larsen, 1995). For example, while new freeways were providing automobiles unprecedented ease of access to cities, substantially, less federal allocations was provided for the downtown streets that had to bear the increased load (Larsen, 1995). No budgets were also allocated to provide the record numbers of cars for parking areas (Norton, 1955-1970). The US new urban transportation policy serves greater idea in resolving congestion problems in the cities (Barranda, 2004). Highway-Only Policy is one of those new integrated ideas (Barranda, 2004). Industry, not government, took the initiative in proposing that highways go downtown (Barranda, 2004). Eisenhowers coalition was composed of industries associated with the highway problem and interested in highway development, in the words of the Clay Committee report (Barranda, 2004). Although the Clay Committee conferred with the American Railway Association in drafting its report, this group was the only one of twenty-two trade organizations consulted which had an interest in rail transport (Barranda, 2004). Fourteen of the groups consulted were expressly concerned with roads (Barranda, 2004). But these industries were not simply developing a highway policy (Barranda, 2004). This is their foundation in creating a new national transportation policy (Barranda, 2004). However, many cities in the United States have recently built light-rail systems to combat congestion problems and at the same time avoid pollution (Barranda, 2004). To some critics oppose this policy is not fit because of the function in some small downtown areas (Barranda, 2004). The application of this light-rail however, after its almost universal domination in the 20th century is one of the greatest twists in transportation history. This application policy is an exclusive idea whose time appears to have come (Barranda, 2004). Local government now hopes that the light-rail will gain moderate transportation that will reduce the traffic problems around the country (Barranda, 2004). Fighting congestion was the main rationale for making American highways enter cities to a degree unmatched elsewhere in the world (Barranda, 2004). The consequences of the improved policies ultimately transformed U. S. urban transportation system (Barranda, 2004). Critics of the policy, in government, and outside of the government circles achieved broad bases of support by confronting this problem (Barranda, 2004). Expertise in urban transportation matters, which had been the exclusive domain of highway industry, emerged in other institutions, both governmental and private (Barranda, 2004). The road builders promises to end congestion, to keep downtowns vital visibly failed to pan out (Barranda, 2004). In brief, the vigor of the government-industry partnership that brought the freeways into the cities did not last, but is envisioned to trigger interest on alternative prospective partners (Barranda, 2004). Conclusion The basic portfolio principles of economics provides conceptual structures underlining maintenance of flexibility of economic policies whether it is in housing, education, or transport, or even in prices where speculators are left with the liberty to discern and give value to market stocks so long as it is within the economic parameters of the United States of American government, its Federal Reserve System, its legislature as well as its executive governmental administrators that works within the framework of Federal Democracy.

The Role Of the Teacher by Irving Layton critique Essay Example for Free

The Role Of the Teacher by Irving Layton critique Essay The essay The Role of the Teacher written by Irving Layton reviews the current state of our ever criticized school system. The author shows us how we view the problems of the school system and explains how and why we place blame on teachers. He shows how penny-pinching school boards'(p145) are the real ones to blame and not the teaches whom are the easiest to confront. A feeling has grown that schools and universities are not achieving that which they were intended: namely , the enrichment of the individuals life by giving him the tools of self improvement and the cultivated mind to use them'(p145) is how most people view the school board and what the author is trying to discuss. The author uses a logical pattern and an expository purpose. The author uses opinion based format for this essay. Irving Layton uses metaphor in his essay. books have become objects of curiosity; like an atomic pile, something heard about but never seen'(p145) This sentence lets people relate with the point that author is trying to get across to the reader. The reader now has a mental reference or link to what is being described so he can now better understand what he is reading. This stylistic device is used effectively in this essay. Knowledge spills over like a water from a seemingly inexhaustible fountain.'(p146) This is a good use of imagery. By applying this description of endless knowledge to a fountain or waterfall the reader can make a mental picture better allowing him to comprehend exactly what the author is trying to discribe. It is very hard to understand what endless knowledge would be like, so the author puts a picture of a fountain spewing knowledge forever, making the idea more plausible to the reader. The author did not use too many stylistic devices to prove his point. The few that were used only made the facts easier to grasp. The essay was based on opinion and the writer, used very relevant topics to get his point across and make the reader sympathetic to his views. Personal opinion is the main structural device used throughout the essay. If education means anything, it should mean the creation of individuals with a strong sense of social responsibility'(p146) Since this essay is in the Writing To Pursued section of the book the essays must have facts and opinions to move the reader to the writers opinion. The essay is describing the faults of the school system, this is the authors opinion. Since it is opinion based it can be argued that the school system is in a good condition. (I wouldnt) The essay was very effective because it used many relevant topics and ideas. It properly adjusted the blame from the innocent teachers to the greedy school boards, where the blame should be. Parents and alike see the faults of the schools and automatically place the teachers in the spotlight because they are the more tangible then a school board which has no shape to it.

An evaluation of impact on financial and operations consequence

An evaluation of impact on financial and operations consequence INTRODUCTION Choosing the Topic After completion of all my fundamental papers in August 2010, I waited till the next session to decide to submit a research and analysis project for the Oxford Brooke University. The reason for such delay was the pressure to complete three professional papers in December session. This report is also important to me because I believe by having combination of both Profession qualification and a degree will uplift my career. To base my project on ACCA provided me with a list of 20 recommended topics to choose from. After reading through the list, the topic that immediately attracted my attention was topic 19 which was â€Å"The financial and operational consequences of a merger between two organisations or of the acquisition of one organisation by another†. What attracted me the most about this topic was that, it was all very relevant to my studies as I am thinking to pursue financial management after ACCA. I knew this topic will allow me to try out and learn the all important, analytical skills. Other reason to choose this topic was the much talked about acquisition of KRAFT and Cadbury therefore it encouraged me to choose this topic. Another reason was availability of the vast amount of information through the internet and press release because of recent release of Krafts recent fourth quarter in the month on February 2011. Choosing the organisation Once I chose my topic, I had to choose an organisation to base my research on.   I chose Kraft and Cadbury for my analysis; it was an obvious choice as this was the acquisition that impelled me to select this topic. This was one of the most controversial and largest takeovers in the year of 2010. I believed the takeover by the 2nd Largest Food Giants in its industry would accomplish the objective I had in mind for the project. Aims Objectives The main objective of this report is to evaluate the consequences of the acquisition on the finance and operations aspect of KRAFT FOODS. The financial statements by themselves only provide the quantitative data which need to be analysed by drawn graphs. The main focus of this report, therefore, is as follows: * To analyse the reasons for Kraft to make a strategic choice of acquiring Cadbury and whether it satisfy the strategic fit as claimed by the CEO of KRAFT FOODS in terms of financial and business operations. * The second part of the research aims to analyse whether Kraft is on the track to achieve its targets it promised its stakeholders at the time of acquisition. * Since financial information wasnt sufficient for my research, I need to review the strategic decisions made by Kraft for its subsidiary Cadbury after the acquisition along with the friction identified while integrating both business. The anticipated future of Cadbury under Kraft Group. In order to achieve the aims mentioned above, I have done qualitative analysis using SFE (Suitability, Feasibility Acceptability) and Ashridge model along with quantitative analysis using financial ratios and linking both to get an overall picture. THE ORGANISTAION Company Profile Kraft Kraft Foods is the worlds second largest food company headquartered in North Field, Illinois manufactures and market packaged food products, including biscuits, confectionery, beverages, cheese, convenient meals and various packaged and grocery products.( KRAFT FOODS INC, 2009)The business was formed by James L. Kraft and his four brothers who began by wholesaling door to door cheese business in Chicago. Kraft then achieved growth by merging with other companies and increases the size of the business by expanding more product lines.( Wikimedia Foundation,2011) Being listed on NYSE, Kraft now has approximately 127,000 employees worldwide. Kraft sells products to consumer in approximately 170 countries. At 31 December 2010, Kraft had operations in more than 75 countries and made products at 223 manufacturing and processing facilities worldwide. Kraft portfolio included eleven brands with annual revenues exceeding $1 billion each: Oreo, Nabisco and LU biscuits; Milka and Cadbury chocolates; Trident gum; Jacobs and Maxwell House coffees; Philadelphia cream cheeses; Kraft cheeses, dinners and dressings; and Oscar Mayer meats. Kraft portfolio included approximately 70 brands which each generate annual revenues of more than $100 million. (KRAFT FOODS INC, 2010) Cadbury Cadbury was a leading global independent business in the exciting world of confectionery, a large, growing, brand-led industry. With an outstanding portfolio of chocolate, gum and candy brands, the largest emerging markets business and a focused and experienced team, Cadbury is committed to its long-term vision to be the worlds biggest and best confectionery company. Cadbury operated in more than 60 countries with a workforce of 46000. (Cadbury, 2008) Cadbury made its beginning by opening one single shop by John Cadbury. As time progressed John Cadbury moved into the manufacturing of drinking chocolate and cocoa. Cadbury grew bigger through some organic growth and some mergers. During the first world war Cadbury started to achieve great success, its products were regarded as necessities and Cadbury were at their peak. Cadbury kept investing in technology, new factories and in new products to remain ahead of competition. With factories all over the world and a host of well known brand names it has become a household name in many countries. (Birminghamuk, (n.d.)) INFORMATION GATHERING Sources of Data Data can be collected for any research by the following ways: * Primary Research: Under primary research new information is collected via interviews, survey or questionnaire etc; hence information is collected first hand. * Secondary Research: Also known as Desk Research is gathered from information which has already been provided but may not be for the same purpose. Such information are easy to access and are my cheaper than carrying out primary research. Such information gathered should be analysed and screened properly so that it fits for the purpose. Kraft and Cadbury both being listed companies although listed in different countries were required to issue annual accounts for its stakeholders by Sarbanes Oxley and Companies House respective. These companies especially Kraft issued Interim Reports as per the stock list requirement. Therefore much of the quantitative and qualitative date was readily available for analysis. Hence I chose to use secondary data over primary. The only complication I faced apart from time pressure was obtaining latest financial information for Cadbury (2009 accounts). Fortunately Kraft public relation team co-operated and emailed me 2008 and 2009 Cadbury annual accounts on my request. The following are the sources of secondary information I used for my project: Annual and Interim Financial Accounts and Reports This is the main source I used for financial aspect of my business and to draw graphs. I had to use interim reports even to demonstrate impact of Cadbury acquisition on Kraft at each and every quarter due to complexity of the business. Krafts annual accounts were available to view and download on Krafts Investors Website. However Cadbury financial statement isnt easily available. Internet This is the source of limitless information; hence it took me a lot of time to extract information which was relative to the point. Firstly it provided me the qualitative information which was missing or less in the financial statement of both entities. Secondly it also provided me information from a third party or neutral point of view. Letters and Reports Under this source, I analyzed the documents sent by Kraft to Cadbury management or reports addressed to Kraft shareholder explaining them the strategic fit of Cadbury acquisition. These documents were available over the internet. Library I used study text published by Kaplan for ACCA to brush my skills and be of aid when I got confused during an analysis phase. Apart from my course books I visited local library for reference books. As I mentioned earlier I didnt had an opportunity to visit British Library for the access of database such as Datamonitor and Mintel. However I was able to get access to Euromonitor through internet and used it as a tool to aid understanding of the application of analytical tools regarding acquisition and both the entities. Data Collection Methods Its easy to collect data, but skills are required to make sense of data and using it for the purpose. It was a fiddly job to collect reliable authentic information to base my reports on. Any negligence on my behalf may cause me a failure in achieving the report objectives. I was cautious and took my time to read through all the information once before starting with my project. As this acquisition was of the biggest acquisition in the year 2010, too much was written by the newspapers and media about it. Reading about the merger in 2011 gave me this idea to do a project on Kraft and Cadbury, as Kraft were about to issue its fourth quarter results. I started my data collection by reading articles from local newspapers as well as papers or journal published in other counties. I viewed them retrospectively. The most prominent newspaper I viewed was Financial Times, Guardian, Reuters, Wall Street Journal and Economists. After I got a general idea behind the acquisition and critics claiming the acquisition as a failure. I downloaded the fourth quarter as well as annual report. I need to know what did CEO responded on the acquisition as it had been a year. Then I looked at financial data provided to support any statement by the CEO. Internet provided me great deal of help in my project. I type in the keywords such as Cadbury Kraft in etc at www.google.com . Find the relevant articles and making notes as well as bookmarks of the WebPages if I needed to read it again for qualitative part of my research. I even visited many libraries in my local areas; the librarian helped me by giving me advice on referencing as I had no idea on references. Unfortunately I couldnt make a trip to British Library to access database which could help me in my project. But I was pretty content with the amount of information I already collected to carry out my analysis. Referencing I have used the HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM for the referencing in my research and to aid readability, I have cited the source below the paragraph if the whole paragraphs were written based on the same single source. Acquisition for Kraft PreAcquisition To systematic analyse the strategic choice by Kraft to acquire Cadbury, I will be using Johnson and Scholes framework (Suitability, Feasibility and Acceptability Model). (Wu, 2010) Suitability Kraft Foods Inc. being the second largest food company still looks for opportunities to grow and try to remain one of the market leaders in the industry and and to spread risk by a diversified portfolio. Kraft believes in rapid expansion by acquiring other businesses. Kraft adopted new strategy implemented by new CEO who believed low growth segment should be disposed of and adopt those strategies that will achieve rapid growth even by means of acquisition .Kraft will look for businesses that will build on its strengths and guide against its threats. Kraft has a successful track record of acquiring iconic brands and businesses and effectively using it for its expansion.   We will be using one of the criteria of Ashridge model under suitability. Under Ashridge model we will be examining two criteria; whether Kraft has sufficient skills, resources and understanding of the Cadbury business and whether there are opportunities for helping to achieve critical success factors. (Steiner, 20 09) * One key reason for Kraft to acquire Cadbury was to penetrate in those growing markets where Cadbury has good base such as China, India and Mexico. Brands such as Cadbury Dairy Milk dominated such markets by a vast length compared to its rivals. Cadbury did receive 40% of its revenue from fast growing emerging market.   Cadburys acquisition of Adams played a vital role to increase their market share in Latin America.   Cadbury has experienced 12% growth in revenue in emerging market over five years (EUROMONITOR, 2008) this can be beneficial for Kraft as it intends to use Cadbury s distribution network to sell its brands. (Cadbury, 2008) (Cadbury, 2009a) Kraft being aware of Cadbury s heritage and its strong confectionery business ranking and its iconic brands makes Cadbury globally number one in chocolate, gum and candy. By attaining all these eponymous brands Kraft will become a global powerhouse in snacks, confectionery and quick meals with exceptional portfolio of leading brands in the world. Hence will be one step closer in achieving organic growth objective. Feasibility Under feasibility we would evaluate Krafts position before acquisition in terms of internal resources of the organization this can even be connected to Ashridge s model criteria of possessing sufficient resource by Predator Company. Kraft being second largest business in its industry has huge cash reserve which reflects in its Cash flow Statements of 2008 and 2009 ($1.24 billion and 2.10 billion respectively). Buts its worth mentioning   the disposal of Krafts North American Pizza to Nestle for total consideration of $3.7 billion contributed majorly to its high cash reserve. High cash reserve helps them to with acquisition cost and integration cost and any other abnormal cost. Apart from cash reserve Kraft does have reasonable current ratio of 1.04 reflecting its above average liquidity position then its peers. Although Cadbury has a strong hold on overall emerging markets Kraft have a greater position in some markets such as Brazil and Russia. As Kraft being a huge conglomerate bu siness it has vast amount of resources in terms of specialist staff, a highly invested research and development teams and finance etc to back up Cadbury to face competition from other rivals such as Hershey and Mars. Kraft can eve use its power over major supermarket chains such Wal-Mart to increase shelf value of Cadbury as majority of its sales come from small convenient store. Kraft is even able to promote Cadbury heritage brand more rigorously due to available of immense resources. It would be worth mentioning the fact that billion dollar Kraft empire has been experiencing an average growth of impressive 5 % over period of four years to 2008 (where it achieved 13% growth than previous year).(Daltorio, 2009) Acceptability To carry on with a strategic choice it also need to be acceptable by the stake holders. As shareholders are key stakeholders their consent is highly important. Although Kraft assured them the acquisition would result in increase in shareholders wealth as it fits in into its business culture, some shareholders have different opinion. One of the reasons for such conflict of interests is the fear of increase in companys gearing. By 2008 Kraft had a high gearing of 1.34 (ratio) compare to its rival Nestle of (0.36). They fear by acquiring Cadbury, Kraft would issue more long-term debt that may adversely affect the gearing ratio and hence increasing the financial risk of the business and affecting the capability of paying out dividends, hence damaging shareholders interest. The other reason for conflict of interest was the reaction from one of the biggest shareholders Warren Buffett of Berkshire Hathaway who regarded the acquisition as â€Å"bad deal â€Å".He believed Kraft has overval ued Cadbury for purchase consideration and the disposal of pizza business to Nestle for $3.7 billion   was a mistake. He firmly believed Kraft is paying high premium for the acquisition. One shareholders view didnt affected Krafts strategic choice and Kraft went ahead with the acquisition despite got rejected first time. (Barr, 2010) Ballast Businesses *CADBURY* Heartland Businesses Alien Business Value trap Business According to my analysis I think Kraft values Cadbury as Heartland Business as Kraft has the skills to exploit opportunities from Cadbury. (UNDER ASHRIDGE MODEL) ACQUISITION for Kraft The long clashing 5 month battle between Cadbury and Kraft was finally over on 2nd February 2010 as Kraft clinches control over Cadbury by 72% holding. Kraft then took total control of Cadbury on June 2010. Cadbury shareholders had a deadline of 2nd February to accept Kraft offer of 500 pence in cash for each Cadbury share and 0.1874 new Kraft shares for each Cadbury share which altogether values each Cadbury share at 840 pence including a special 10 pence dividend. This sums up the total valuation of Cadbury business to approximate of  £11.9 Billion ($19.4 Billion). Kraft offered this purchase price on 19th of January after a long negotiation with Cadbury management. Kraft tried to make hostile takeover on 7th September by a bid worth 300 pence in cash and 0.2589 new Kraft shares for each Cadbury share (valuing it 745 pence a share). However Cadbury rejected the bid immediately and regarded it â€Å"derisory†. Kraft sweetened the bid by raising the original offer and increa sing the cash component from 40% to 60% to make it more appealing for Cadbury shareholders. (Cimlluca et al, 2010) I have extracted this graph from Thomson Reuters to illustrate the impact on the share price for both involved parties after the announcement of take-over. We notice an increase of almost 40% in the market value of Cadbury. The increase in Cadburys share price was triggered by the initial announcement by Kraft of its intention to take over Cadbury in early September of 2009. The announcement was received well by Cadbury Shareholders causing an increase in demand and thereby price of the stock. However we see a fall in the share price of Kraft food at the time announcement (graph below), some analysts believe this was due to Warren Buffet dissatisfaction of Kraft Acquisition. He regarded the acquisition as ‘bad deal, which caused chaos amongst other shareholder hence a price falls. This price fall deteriorated the purchase price offered by Kraft which was immediately rejected by Roger Carr, Chairmen of Cadbury. KEY POINTS FOR FINANCIAL ANALYSIS Kraft foods acquired Cadbury plc in February2 2010. Hence Cadbury results are restricted to 10 months rather than full 12 years and its subject to fluctuate with moving exchange rates. Cadbury data was adjusted from IFRS (previously applied by Independent Cadbury) to U.S GAAP followed by its new Parent Kraft Foods Inc. Cadbury previous years figures couldnt be compared with unless comparison is made in percentile due to the size difference of both businesses. Kraft even revised its Net Revenue retrospectively 2009 onwards. Post Acquisition Financial Perspective The above graph represents s the growth and decline in sales over a period of 4 years by means of percentage. The 2010 information contains data post acquisition, specifically contribution from Cadbury of $9143 that has been converted using the exchange rate of $1.595 per  £1.00 for the aid of analysis. It can clearly be noted the reason why Cadbury was so desirable by Kraft. Cadbury attained significant growth from 2007. In June 2007 Cadbury introduced their Vision into Action plan which insisted in strengthening their position in emerging market. This strategy was immediately effective and can be reflected in the graph. As stated earlier in this research report one of the key reasons for Kraft to acquire Cadbury was their better position in emerging market as compared to Kraft. Although Cadbury has just been acquired for 11 months under Kraft we see a marginal fall of 4% in Cadbury sales than its preceding years. This maybe because Kraft maybe getting acquainted to Cadburys opera tion and network hence not utilizing Cadburys full potential. (Cadbury, 2009a) This graph explains what did Krafts CEO meant by â€Å"GLOBAL POWER HOUSE†. If we examine the two graphs we see a change in the revenue from developing and North American markets. The main reason for Kraft to takeover Cadbury was to derive maximum benefit of Cadburys strong hold in emerging market. Although Kraft is one of the largest companies in food industry it drives more than 57% of its revenue from its Home Market US. As US market is experiencing economic recession Kraft needed to adopt an effective strategy to broaden its operations globally. Hence Cadbury looked more attractive from Krafts perspective. Its worth mentioning that Cadbury earns more than 40% from the fast emerging markets portraying its position being better than Kraft.. It should be taken into consideration that fact that Kraft hasnt launched any new aggressive marketing scheme or any strategic step via Cadbury in emerging markets. In 2010 Kraft has continued to run Cadbury operation without making any m ajor changes. Talking quantitatively Cadbury boosted Krafts net revenue in emerging markets by $3382 million which can be seen clearly in the graph at the bottom. Krafts strengths in Russia, Brazil and China along with Cadbury great position in United Kingdom, India and Mexico has spread its revenue source which has reduce the risk of a recession affecting Krafts sales .By acquiring Cadbury Kraft enhanced its distribution channel which became effective in the first year of acquisition and clearly be seen in the 2010 net revenue segments. In 2010 revenue from US market contributed less than 50% to Total Net Revenue minimizing the business risk driven by recession. (Farrell et al, 2010) The above illustrated graphs represent the change in Krafts revenue source after the acquisition of Cadbury. Krafts adopt a rational approach and pursue the strategy of selling off less profitable brands and achieving quick growth by acquisition. Kraft faced fierce competition from private label companies in the cheese and packaged meat market. Therefore Kraft acquired Cadbury to diverse its revenue source as there were dangers of fall in revenue from its main segments. There is an increase of 16% in the contribution made by confectionery segment. This segment is a high potential growth segment and Kraft would like diverse its business risk by investing more in promotion of this segment. (Trefis, 2011) The Gross margin shows the amount of gross profit generated by the company as a percentage of the sales revenue. Kraft Gross Profit Margin has been plotted against each quarter from 2009. It can be analyzed by the graph that Kraft tried to maintain its Gross Profit Margin in mid 30s percentile despite economic downturn in US market and increase in raw materials Kraft is able to maintain its objective, the main grounds for such level gross profit margin was the acquisition. By acquiring Cadbury Kraft has widen its distribution network as Cadburys main selling networks are convenient stores open on High Street therefore reach of every individual. Talking in respect on cost of sales (100 Gross Profit Margin) Kraft will benefit from economies of scale especially regarding purchases as Kraft will be bulk buying and using Cadbury suppliers rationally to minimise cost of sales as possible. (Szalai, 2011) Net Profit Margin is an indicator of profitability, calculated as net income or net profit divided by net revenue. As shown by the graph, we see a downward trend in the net profit margin against each quarter in 2010.Despite the fact that there has been a 27% increase in Net Revenue in 2010 as compared to its preceding year, we notice a fall of 23% in net profit especially in the fourth quarters of 2009 and 2010 ($711m and $547 respectively. However in aggregate there has been an increase in the net profit from 2009. The major reason for such deteriorates result for the fourth quarter was the cost associated with integration between Kraft and Cadbury. The pizza business of Kraft did contributed to the net profit in 2009 , by the sale of its pizza business to Nestle ,Kraft has deprived itself from the positive contribution of its disposal component.(BBC, 2011) The Prime objective of making investment in any business is to obtain satisfactory return on capital invested. Hence, the return on capital employed is used as a measure of success of a business in realizing this objective. Return on capital employed establishes the relationship between the profit and the capital employed. It is used to show the overall profitability and efficiency of the business. By analysing we see a fall in return on capital employed although the sales and net profit overall has increased however it hasnt increased by the proportion of investment made by KRAFT FOOD. As Mr. Warren Buffet feared that Kraft did overpay for the acquisition this can be reflected in diminish of return on capital employed. I have also included a graph showing fall in earning per share that illustrate the point of less return for the investors this maybe due to issue of new share to Cadbury shareholders. (Wilson , 2010) I have included this graph in my research report especially to breakdown the positive and negative contribution made by Cadbury to Kraft operating income in 2010 as compared to Kraft in 2009. As announced by CEO of Kraft Foods, Kraft is highly likely to expect $1 billion in incremental revenue synergies apart from $750 million in cost saving by 2013. In order to achieve the synergies Kraft has budgeted to spend $1.5 billion in the first three years following the acquisition to combine and integrate the two businesses and already incurred $657 million in 2010. As stated in Kraft Annual Account 2010, Kraft incurred and expensed transaction related fees of $218 millions in 2010 and $40 million in 2009.Kraft has recorded the mentioned costs under selling, general and administrative expenses in Profit and Loss Statement (Statement of Comprehensive income). However in the above graphs include figures which has been given in the Kraft 2010 annual accounts analysis of operating profit rather than actual incurred cost as some cost have been taken under finance cost which hasnt been included in arriving at operating profit for 2010. This seems a draw back in the acquisition object ive and maybe criticizes by its stakeholders as integration cost has reduced Krafts earning by 33%. (BBC, 2011) Liquidity ratio expresses a companys ability to repay short-term creditors out of its total cash. The liquidity ratio is the result of dividing the total cash by short-term borrowings. This Graph represents the two liquidity ratio one normal current ratio and another quick test ratio. Unlike Current ratio, quick ratio focus on the most liquid assets hence it exempt inventory from current asset while calculating ratio. Some of the key points that need to be addressed before analysis of the graph are the disposal of the pizza business and all the working capital relating to it. We should also account for the current assets and current liabilities acquired by Kraft such as Net Receivable of $ 1333 m and Accounts Payable of $ 1605 m etc. Another point to be mentioned is that while calculating Quick ratio I havent excluded the deferred tax asset, while some analyst exclude deferred tax asset as they dont regard it liquid. We see a significant difference between both ratios as inventory has occupied much of the working capital. Comparing it to the last year it is almost consistent with the growing sales. We notice a slight deterioration in both the ratio of 2010. The $3.7 billion cash raised by disposal of the pizza business was used to pay cash component of the acquisition. The rise in the actually figure is in line with the growing and diverse sales (Kraft Foods Inc, 2010) Gearing Ratio is a measure of financial leverage, demonstrating the degree to which a firms activities are funded by owners funds versus creditors funds (investopedia).The above   graph represents   how much company has borrowed compare to equity raised by KRAFT FOODS. Kraft had issued a long term debt of $9.379 billion (net proceeds) to support the cash component of Cadbury of acquisition along with proceeds from Pizza Business. Kraft even made a repayment $2.1 billion of long term debt during the year. This has increased the total debt of the business from $18990 million to $28724 Million. Kraft has also issued 262 million shares to existing Cadbury shareholder as part of purchase consideration. This has enlarged Krafts share capital affecting the gearing ratio. By taking into consideration the above mentioned circumstances, we see an increase in the gearing ratio of 7%. This may cause some concerns amongst shareholders and lenders of Kraft as the financial risk of the business has increased as more interest will be paid from the profits available to pay dividends to shareholders. (Tradition Financial Concept.). This may even damage the creditability of KRAFT FOOD in lenders market as it has borrowed 80% to Equity, hence it may be charged high interest rate by the lenders in future. (Kraft Foods Inc, 2010) (Hoskins, 2010) Interest cover is a measure of the adequacy of a companys profits relative to interest payments on its debt. This ratio will help to explain the previously mentioned financial due to increase in gearing. Due to the increase in leverage we see a fall of 0.94 in interest cover which means there would be less profit available for dividends.   This maybe is one of the reasons why Warren Buffet (one of the major shareholder in Kraft) reduced its stake from 9% to 6%. The ratio is over 2 which is considered strong by analyst and reflects Krafts strong position in borrowers market. However Fitch, one of reputed credit rating agency, has downgraded the default rating on both companies to BBB-. However its rivals havent downgraded the rating as yet but our reviewing if they should follow their peers. Flitch has downgraded the rating due to anticipated increase in financial leverage of the combined Kraft/Cadbury. (Peters   et al, 2010) Operational Changes Post Acquisition The significant changes in operations along with their impact on KRAFT FOOD GROUP as a whole: Closure of Somerdale factory Days after acquisition Kraft announced the closure of Cadbury factory in Bristol. During the acquisition struggle, Kraft pledged to retain Somerdale Factory. The announcements created a chaos amongst Cadbury workforce and British Unite trade union as 400 employees were being made redundant. It would be worth mentioning; Cadbury prior to its acquisition (in year 2007) had already announced the closure of its Somerdale factory as they had invested more than  £100million in the production plant

Our Day Out by Willy Russell Essay -- Special Needs Britain Our Day Ou

Our Day Out by Willy Russell For our second module, we looked at the study of the play ‘Our Day Out’ by Willy Russell. The play is about a special needs class from Liverpool going on a day out to Wales, and the different dilemmas they put their teachers Mr. Briggs and Mrs. Kay through (like stealing animals from a zoo). We had to choose three key moments that we thought were the most important sections from the play and where we thought drama was built around. For us, the key characters in the story are Mr. Briggs, a strict teacher Mrs. Kay, a gentler teacher, and Carol, a quiet pupil in the special needs class. We used different explorative strategies whilst developing and performing our drama. This essay is the response to the play. Our first key moment that we chose was a conversation between the headmistress and Mr. Briggs. We thought this was a key moment because it showed a drop in Mr. Briggs’ status. We got to this conclusion after a group discussion. We decided to hot seat the characters in order to develop them. We wanted to find out how Mr. Briggs really felt about not having the total authority. Mr. Briggs developed into a strict disciplinarian who disliked most people. However Mrs. Kay developed into a sweet motherly type teacher. Our second key moment was Mrs. Kay defending herself and answering back during a disagreement with Mr. Briggs. We decided this was a key moment because it let us show a completely different side to Mrs. Kay. We used thought-tracking so we could show the audience Mrs. Kay’s real anger. However the actor playing Mrs. Briggs found it difficult to adapt to the change in character. To help her and the drama out, we used the explorative strategy forum theatre so w... ...ned her status. Mr. Briggs responded by seeming to shrink so there was an apparent change in status. Our final key moment was marked by an aside by Mr. Briggs. The final key moment shows Mr. Briggs destroying the film after the day out. We showed him destroying the film as an aside so that the audience knew something that the characters didn’t: Dramatic Irony. There was no dialogue during the aside which made it much more effective. The aside also suggested that Mr. Briggs didn’t change at all and that it was all an act. It developed the audience’s dislike of Briggs even more. Mr. Briggs however, regained his status once again as he was the only character left on stage and he was centre stage so all eyes were on him. Overall I think our key moments were accurate and the explorative strategies we used helped us develop our characters and our drama.

Anorexia Nervosa Essay -- essays research papers

Anorexia Nervosa is characterized by a refusal to maintain a minimal normal body weight. A disturbance in perception of body shape and weight is an essential feature of anorexia nervosa. It appears to be far more present in industrialized societies, in which there is an abundance amount of food and in which being considered attractive is linked to being thin. The disorder is most common in countries like the United States, Canada, Europe, Australia and Japan. More than 95% of cases of anorexia nervosa occur in females between the ages of 14 and 45 years. Most researchers agree that out of every 200 American girls between the ages of 12 and 18, one will develop anorexia to some degree. Therapists find that persons with anorexia usually lack self-esteem and feel they can gain admiration and attention by losing weight and becoming thin. There is no single cause of anorexia nervosa, because it’s a complex disorder with multiple causes that may be different for every person. From what is know it seems that this is a disorder of many causes that come together to produce the illness. These recognized causes include the nature of the personality of the girl herself, aspects of her family its members and relationships, and stresses and problems occurring outside the home, often at school. There is an increase risk in families in which there are other anorexics and this probably indicates a genetic cause also. Some theorists have pointed to socialcultural factors as potential causes ...

Poets Use Of Mockery As Diction In Poem :: essays research papers

Poet's Use of Mockery As Diction in Poem The poet's use of mockery as diction conveys his disillusioned attitude toward the men that plan the battles without actually fighting in them. Using the words â€Å"If I were fierce, and bald, and short of breath,† to describe the majors allows the reader to picture the majors as old, fat, out of shape men that spend their days â€Å"guzzling and gulping in the best hotel† safe from any danger. Fierce, bald and short of breath give the reader a negative feel for the majors as they are not described in any positive manner. These terms cause the reader to feel disgust for the majors. The poets use of the words guzzling and gulping with their alliterative effect cause the reader to consider the majors as gluttons gathered at the table. When the reader completes his mental picture of the majors in the best hotel, the imagery of glory hogs is complete. The poet's diction choice, "Reading the Roll of Honor. `Poor young chap, ' I'd say - ` I used to know his father well; Yes, we've lost heavily in this last scrap.' " of casual language attempts to make the war seem carefree and nonchalant. The word "chap" conveys an casual attitude towards the heroes as people. It seems to elevate the status of the majors to a false superior position. "Scrap" makes it seems as if the soldier's death occurred on a playground, not a battlefield. It seems to trivialize war in general. "And when the war is done and the youth stone dead, I'd toddle safely home and die - in bed." The poet's last lines give the reader an insight into the true wishes of the soldier. The youth stone dead allow the reader to acknowledge the finality of death and the wasted lives of the young soldiers while the old, fat men are Poets Use Of Mockery As Diction In Poem :: essays research papers Poet's Use of Mockery As Diction in Poem The poet's use of mockery as diction conveys his disillusioned attitude toward the men that plan the battles without actually fighting in them. Using the words â€Å"If I were fierce, and bald, and short of breath,† to describe the majors allows the reader to picture the majors as old, fat, out of shape men that spend their days â€Å"guzzling and gulping in the best hotel† safe from any danger. Fierce, bald and short of breath give the reader a negative feel for the majors as they are not described in any positive manner. These terms cause the reader to feel disgust for the majors. The poets use of the words guzzling and gulping with their alliterative effect cause the reader to consider the majors as gluttons gathered at the table. When the reader completes his mental picture of the majors in the best hotel, the imagery of glory hogs is complete. The poet's diction choice, "Reading the Roll of Honor. `Poor young chap, ' I'd say - ` I used to know his father well; Yes, we've lost heavily in this last scrap.' " of casual language attempts to make the war seem carefree and nonchalant. The word "chap" conveys an casual attitude towards the heroes as people. It seems to elevate the status of the majors to a false superior position. "Scrap" makes it seems as if the soldier's death occurred on a playground, not a battlefield. It seems to trivialize war in general. "And when the war is done and the youth stone dead, I'd toddle safely home and die - in bed." The poet's last lines give the reader an insight into the true wishes of the soldier. The youth stone dead allow the reader to acknowledge the finality of death and the wasted lives of the young soldiers while the old, fat men are

Bronwyn Oliver Case Study

What distinctive individual views and features can be seen in the work? A very abstract way of art. A very modernized and unusual interpretation of a unicorn. Oliver was interested in structural formation, in the principles of ‘spiraling, wrapping, binding, swelling, expanding and stretching 2. How does the work attempt to express the personal views of the Artist? The artwork automatically portrays that the artist likes to play around with her artworks, and doesn't make them in an ordinary manner. It shows us the abstract and unusual side to art. What new media is being used in a new and innovative way? Oliver used a variety of materials, including paper, resin, tissue, fiberglass, hair, copper and aluminum. The ethereal impression and supple curves of her objects belie the inherent qualities of their materials and the intensive process of their production. Artworks: 1 . Does this artwork create a connection with ideas or themes between the artist and the audience? It certainly creates a connection, perhaps a mythical one. The audience is left with questions, they're left wanting more. This is what abstract art is. 2.What re the ideas being conveyed by this artwork? Oliver's sculpture suggests a passage from one place to another, a Journey from a material dimension into an imaginative, other world. 3. How are the artworks shaped by the contemporary technology? Contemporary technology for example would be phones and computers etc. These new forms of technology have definitely shaped contemporary art. If I wanted to see Bronzy Oliver's artworks, I'd simply go on Google images and I could see them all, without having to go see it in person. Everything can be viewed over this new contemporary technology.World: 1 . How have contemporary or historical events influenced the approach the artist has taken towards the work? The materials which are used in the artwork are materials which haven't been used, towards the end of the 20th century, many new art forms came about such as; Environmental art, abstract art, street art etc. 2. How are beliefs and understood concepts being supported by the artwork or questioned by the artwork? The concept that Bronzy Oliver uses is quite an understood one, she makes sculptures out of known materials, which are also popular amongst other artists. . How have new advances in technology, scientific discoveries or medical procedures influenced the artwork? Well unicorns obviously aren't around today. Many question whether they ever were here? She is giving us the chance to view the unicorn in a completely different form, perhaps her interpretation of a unicorn. 4. How does the artwork express the new mood in society or the world? It raises the question of â€Å"are unicorns real† Bronzy Oliver I believe, liked unicorns and Just wanted us to view it in her way.Audience: 1 . How could the audience be alarmed or disturbed by the artwork? Perhaps the efferent interpretation of a unicorn could be quite distur bing or even scary. Or the abstract manner the artwork is made in. But I don't believe this artwork is alarming or disturbing. 2. What views do you think critics have formed with the work? Critics may be amazed with the way she has made her artwork, the materials which she has incorporated and her interpretation off unicorn. 3. How do you think historians may view this work?Because her artwork is about a â€Å"passage from one place to another, a journey from a material dimension into an imaginative, other world† historians might IEEE this meaning as much modernized. A view which could only have come from the late 20th century when there was an artistic revolution. 4. How do you think the general public responds to the work? I'd believe that they be amazed by the artwork. The time and effort it took to make this modernized unicorn. I also believe they be amazed with the meaning behind it, a truly amazing artwork.Question: Referring to this ‘case study Artist, name one o r two frames which best describe the viewpoint of the artist. Describe why you believe this (or these) Frames best describes sews the artist has to create the works. Give Examples of three works in your explanation. Unicorn 1984 – Bronzy Oliver's sculpture can best be described with the structural frame. It is of organic forms which twist and turn to convey a quiet energy. The delicate friction between surface and depth breathes life into her objects: dense surfaces with translucent and vital interiors of air and light.Her objects are often sphere-like with hollow spaces or openings – openings which lead to somewhere else, devolving from where they started. In the exchange between these aspects, Oliver's sculpture suggests a passage from one place to another, a Journey from a material dimension into an imaginative, other world. Oliver used a variety of materials, including paper, resin, tissue, fiberglass, hair, copper and aluminum. The ethereal impression and supple c urves of her objects belie the inherent qualities of their materials and the intensive process of their production.As a result copper appears lithe, its resiliency creatively subverted. Comet II 1988 – This artwork is best described with the subjective and cultural frame. The intricately woven copper form of ‘Comet II' represents a seminal shift in Bronzy Oliver's early practice. Exhibited in the artist's self-titled show at Rosily Cooley Gallery in 1988, this work is one of the earliest instances of Oliver's craftsmanship with copper, having previously sculpted with materials such as paper, cane and fiberglass.The work is a stunning example of what would become the artist's signature practice; the painstaking manipulation of copper into elegant, deceptively simple forms which echo the organic shapes of plant and sea life. While this sculpture undoubtedly evokes the idiosyncratic structure of a Jellyfish, the title of the ark sends our imaginings in a dual direction: no t only to the depths of the ocean, but also to the outer reaches of the universe. In titling the work ‘Comet II' the artist complicates the way that we initially see the artwork, pulling into focus the fabulous ambiguity and infinite possibilities of Oliver's forms.Dirigible 1989 – This artwork is best described using the structural frame. The easy, voluptuous curves of the work disguises the painstaking nature of the artist's process; twisting and welding the pliant copper wire to create the intricate metal weave. The microcosmic, complex surface of the work is an interface between the elegant form of the sculpture's overall shape and the internal cavity or void where the sculpture breathes. It is at once fragile and forbidding; crafted from metal and yet seemingly weightless.Bronzy Oliver alludes to these intriguing tensions in the title of the work ‘Dirigible' – a term for a blimp, or airship supported by its own buoyancy. The three dimensional presence of this work is so demanding that even the shadow that it produces is outstanding. Practice: 1 . Name the work and the artist. Describe the steps you believe the artist has taken to create their work. Comet II 1988, by Bronzy Oliver. This is an artwork which has been made from intricately woven copper in the form of a comet II.An artwork like this would have taken great effort, to weave copper. The steps I believe which were taken would be, the idea of making something. She first would have had to come up with something, then she'd have to decide what materials she was going to use, which in this case was copper. And then the technique she'd use to make it which in this case was also weaving. 2. List the media the artist has used and discuss how this is important to the overall effect. The media Bronzy Oliver has used is copper, and the technique she chose was weaving.Perhaps to show the intricacy of the artwork. Or to purely show what she could do. This adds sophistication to the a rtwork and the overall effect. 3. Describe the process the artist has used? The steps I believe Bronzy Oliver would have taken would be, firstly an idea of what to make. She would have had to come up with something, then she'd have to decide what materials she was going to use, which in this case was copper. And then the technique she'd use to make it which in this case was also weaving. 4. Name the new technologies used by this artist.Use examples of artworks to help describe this. Her artworks were generally crafted from patented copper and bronze. Their fragile appearance, which transcends the robust and industrial character of their material, belies a strength that is often based on successful geometry found in nature such as tubes, spirals and membranes, this is shown in the artwork â€Å"unicorn†, and also in â€Å"comet II†. Essay: â€Å"Explain how Bronzy Oliver maintains a strong personal relationship with her artworks. You must refer to specific works in you r essay' Use three works.Bronzy Oliver definitely maintains a strong personal relationship with her artworks, this is portrayed with the meaning of each artwork. Every artwork that she makes displays her own views, and each one was made for a reason. The three works which display her strong personal relationship are; Survivor 1988, Lunar 2001 and Swathe 1997. Bronzy Oliver's artwork Survivor 1988, is an example of how strong a relationship she withheld with her artworks. Oliver's mysterious copper sculpture is like a relic covered from an archaeological dig.The year this work was produced the artist held a solo exhibition at Rosily Cooley Gallery titled ‘Objects From Another Time', and it is clear from the title ‘Survivor' that Oliver also intended this sculpture to invoke a mythical history. By transforming the surface of the copper with a blue and green patina, the artist creates the illusion of the ancient past, reminiscent of a Bronze Age relic. In 1988 Oliver was ar tist-in-residence in the French city of Brest where she researched the metal work techniques of the Cells.It was their traditions that turned ere onto the creation of spiral structures in her work, which is evident in the conch- like form of ‘Survivor'. Oliver's strong personal relationship is also portrayed through the artwork Lunar 2001 , where she has once again twisted and turned the copper into a circular shape, with many complex designs on the outside. Amanda Rowel explains â€Å"The microcosmic, complex surface of an Oliver sculpture is an interface between the macro form of its overall shape and the internal cavity or void where the sculpture breathes.The ease of connection between these three formal aspects of her works long with their gently mimetic character – as alluded by their titles – constitute their elegance and simple pleasure. † This portrays that Bronzy Oliver looks to her artworks almost as living things, her connection goes far beyond that of artist and artwork. The third artwork which resembles that strong connection between artist and artwork is Swathe 1997. She wanted her own works to spark the imagination of viewers in the same way as poetry, simultaneously distilling an essence whilst opening doors to multiple interpretations.The artwork Swathe sparked the imagination of viewers through its intricate webbing and meshing which required extraordinary technical virtuosity involving the manipulation of materials such as copper wire, bronze and aluminum, in this case Just woven copper. Rather than mimicking or abstracting nature, her works suggest a profound interest in the timeless forms of geometry occurring in the natural world. Some may argue whether she's an environmental artist, with a passion for nature. In conclusion, with reference to the three artworks. An obvious relationship is portrayed, this is shown through the complex meanings of each artwork, and the